Zeigarnik Effect Essay Example For Students

Zeigarnik Effect Essay College of California Peer Reviewed Title: Technostress in the Bionic Library Author: Kupersmith, John Publication Date: 01-01-1998 Publication Info: Postprints, UC Berkeley Permalink: http://escholarship. organization/uc/thing/1hc8s95x Citation: Kupersmith, John. (1998). Technostress in the Bionic Library. UC Berkeley: Retrieved from: http://escholarship. organization/uc/thing/1hc8s95x Additional Info: John Kupersmith, Technostress in the Bionic Library . Initially distributed in Cheryl LaGuardia, ed. , Recreating the Academic Library: Breaking Virtual Ground, (New York: Neal-Schuman, 1998), pp. 3-47. Unique Citation: John Kupersmith, Technostress in the Bionic Library. Initially distributed in Cheryl LaGuardia, ed. , Recreating the Academic Library: Breaking Virtual Ground, (New York: Neal-Schuman, 1998), pp. 23-47. Catchphrases: technostress, PC related pressure, innovation, data frameworks, libraries Abstract: Computer-related pressure, now and then called â€Å"technostress,â⠂¬  influences staff and clients as libraries offer increasingly more data through sites and other remotely available electronic frameworks. We will compose a custom exposition on Zeigarnik Effect explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now This paper takes a gander at technostress with regards to general pressure hypothesis, the Zeigarnik Effect, and the idea of sensemaking. It proposes manners by which library web engineers, framework creators and supervisors can diminish pressure related issues. 2008 updates: In the a long time since it was distributed, this paper has held up genuinely well by and large. Ive included a few notes in the content to recognize conditions that have changed. I am thankful to the late Dr. Ilene Rockman, Manager of the California State University Libraries Information Competence Initiative and editorial manager of Reference Services Review, for checking on a prior adaptation of these updates. eScholarship gives open access, insightful distributing administrations to the University of California and conveys a unique exploration stage to researchers around the world. 1 The Bionic Library As perusers of this volume are very much aware, scholastic libraries are offering ncreasingly bountiful and different data in electronic structure for neighborhood and remote access. These electronic administrations started with online library indexes, have come to incorporate bibliographic, full-text, and picture databases, and, using Internet devices, for example, the World Wide Web, are quickly developing into organized data spaces where clients can distinguish and find both printed and electronic things, recover the last mentioned, and convey by means of email with master guides (e. g. , the library staff). Simultaneously, the physical library keeps on existing and even flourish, getting, sorting out, and presenting enormous amounts of material in print and other non-electronic organizations to significant quantities of understudies and staff. 2008: Thrive may not be the main word that comes into view when you read this ARL record, which shows noteworthy decreases in reference and dissemination exchanges somewhere in the range of 1995 and 2006 (http://www. arl. organization/bm~doc/arl-br-256-details. pdf). Be that as it may, the outcomes are blended, with participation at bunch introductions expanding. Regardless, weight on staff brought about by declining library use just fortifies that brought about by innovation. Accordingly it appears to be likely that scholarly libraries will keep on working in the two modes for quite a while. In begetting the term bionic library to portray this half and half idea, Harold Billings additionally implied the assortment of responses among possible clients: To certain researchers, the idea of an electronic library is heaven nearby; to other people, it is totally alarming. I propose that libraries are advancing as bionic libraries; natural, transformative, and electronically upgraded. Library assortments will proceed, lasting with books and diaries, yet for some data sources accessible through remote workstations, the library will soon never rest The old and new library frameworks will become acclimatized and interlaced. The library is likewise bionic as in it involves offices and organizations, yet in addition the fundamental human components: clients and staff. The achievement of any library framework, all things considered, lays not on how well the structure deals with paper, in the theoretical, yet on how promptly individuals will acknowledge it and how adequately they can utilize it. What's more, it is the organic parts of the library that grasp or reject the new innovations; satisfy or baffle the aims of framework fashioners; 2 and, particularly in this season of progress, experience the sort of tension and confusion known as technostress. Stress and Technostress It barely need be expressed here that pressure plays a basic and hazardous job in current life. Most present day stress hypothesis depends on crafted by Hans Selye, who characterized three phases of response to stressors in the earth: caution, opposition, and (in extraordinary situations where stress is not kidding and delayed) weariness. 2] While stressors can be charming or upsetting and stress can have constructive effectsâ€energizing an individual, centering consideration, and invigorating practices of commitment and productive adaptationâ€generally it is the negative part of misery that justifies our consideration here. Indications of stress might be physical (e. g. , muscle strain, quick hea rtbeat, dry mouth and throat, shallow breathing, cerebral pains, gastric issues), subjective (mental weakness, powerlessness to focus, misguided thinking), full of feeling (crabbiness, tension, mental exhaustion, wretchedness), or social (imprudence, shirking, withdrawal, loss of hunger, a sleeping disorder). Different specialists have underscored the significance of the people evaluation of a likely stressor (a charging rhino hence evoking a more grounded response than an obstinate hypertext interface), how much the individual sees that he/she can control the circumstance, character contrasts and social help systems that influence people responses and flexibility, and the added substance and combined impacts of various stressors, including both pessimistic and constructive life occasions. Aggravating the impacts of various stressors is the wonder known as the Zeigarnik impact, which affirms a typical human encounter: intruded on errands will in general be recollected superior to finished undertakings, particularly when the individual is profoundly associated with the assignment and when the interference is impromptu. This clarifies why staff and clients of the bionic library, shuffling a large group of undertakings, will in general heft around (and experience proceeding with worry from) their psychological plans for the day, and why many think that its hard to get a lot of fulfillment from finished errands. Computersâ€or, all the more accurately, the manners by which individuals and associations see, use, and identify with computersâ€are a strong wellspring of worry, in the bionic library as somewhere else. Craig Brod, who presented the term technostress in 1984, characterized it as: a cutting edge malady of adjustment brought about by a powerlessness to adapt to the new PC innovations in a solid way. It shows itself in two particular and related ways: in the battle to acknowledge PC innovation, and in the more specific type of overidentification with PC innovation. The essential side effect of the individuals who are irresolute, hesitant, or dreadful of PCs is tension. This tension is communicated from multiple points of view: crabbiness, cerebral pains, bad dreams, protection from finding out about the PC, or through and through dismissal of the innovation. Technoanxiety most usually distresses the individuals who feel pressuredâ€by manager, peers, or the general cultureâ€to acknowledge and use PCs. 3 As Brod proposes, technostress takes a few structures. Physical issues, for example, dreary strain wounds, carpal passage condition, or back issues result from poor machine structure or ergonomics. PC nervousness contains a few issues, extending from transitory disarray over how to utilize a framework, to sentiments of being hurried or dehumanized by the PC, to the unmistakable and progressively inescapable dread known as computerphobia or technophobia. At the opposite finish of the attitudinal range, the individuals who are profoundly positive about and associated with PCs additionally experience technostress. This impact can be very unobtrusive, as when individuals endeavor to coordinate their reasoning and conduct to that of PC frameworks, particularly when the interface configuration does little to adjust the hidden elements of the machine to human discernments and conduct. Margaret Stiegs portrayal of technostress underscores these impacts: To utilize any innovation effectively, the client is compelled to fit in with its examples. The PC has significantly modified our feeling of time, a change with numerous perspectives. It has made conceivable more prominent effectiveness, hence more noteworthy productivity is presently required. The PC requires quick reaction. Huge numbers of us locate the squinting cursor overbearing and to some degree alarming . The speeding up of work the PC has brought restrains reflection, which thusly hinders nderstanding. These qualities give a more noteworthy need to keep moving to the laborer, an impulse not to sit around idly, an awareness of stress. 2008: Web interfaces have supplanted the oppression of the squinting cursor with different noticeable choices sitting tight for a mouse click or other client activity. This is an extraordinary improvement if the interface is all around structured, however quick reaction times o n rapid systems and the developing number of PC related assignments have joined to press most library clients and staff. A similar marvel is reflected in an ongoing handbook from a business counseling firm, planned to enable corporate representatives to conform to the quick evolving, electronic, worldwide working environment: you have to work with a solid desire to move quickly. Quicken in all parts of your work, regardless of whether it implies living with a couple of progressively worn out edges. Certainly, great is essential, however it must come qui

Child Labour free essay sample

The paper finishes up by proposing and suggesting methods of decidedly overseeing youngster work. Such incorporate tremendous grassroots data battles and advising on the perilous impacts of youngster work and its financial qualities. It additionally examines the jobs bureaucratic/state governments can play through government funded training and authorization of the all inclusive fundamental instruction objectives; presentation of an altered school educational plan that puts the beneficiaries of youngster work into thought; making and supporting restoration and joining programs and the order of punishments and assents against perpetuators negative kid work. Catchphrases: Bonded kid work, kid work, youngster dealing, social practice, misuse, kid prostitution, restoration, independence. Presentation: Child work has been the central purpose of widespread conversation over some undefined time frame. Columnists, clinicians, sociologists, government officials, humanitarians and even abstract craftsmen have pondered on and looked for methods of halting this exploitative and unsafe marvel to no 28 Edo Journal of Counseling Vol. 3, No. 1, 2010 benefit. Governments, social activists, universal associations and different gatherings all have their own translations of the term. As a rule, youngster work is â€Å"work for kids that hurts them or endeavors them here and there (intellectually, genuinely or by obstructing their entrance to education)†. It is imperative to understand that not all work can be viewed as kid work. Youngsters undertaking a couple of long periods of family errands, assisting with the family shop, or accomplishing school related work is really advantageous for them. Such work won't hamper the instruction, yet in certainty improves social aptitudes and empowers to gain proficiency with another exchange. While a few sorts of work like soldiering and prostitution are all around thought about unsuitable for a kid, a few social researchers have their own benchmarks for youngster work. As UNICEF’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report puts it, Children’s work should be viewed as occurring along a continuum, with ruinous or exploitative work toward one side and gainful work advancing or upgrading children’s improvement without meddling with their tutoring, entertainment and rest at the other. What's more, between these two posts are tremendous territories of work that need not contrarily influence a child’s advancement. There are enterprises and people who utilize small kids and set them to work under overwhelming circumstances. A large number of kids in India and abroad are compelled to work extended periods of time stringing floor coverings or assembling firecrackers. The conditions under which they work can be best depicted as torment. A large portion of them don't get the opportunity to come around; instruction is a far off dream. Kid work is a mind boggling issue influencing all nations of the world. Despite the fact that it predominantly originates from neediness, a wide assortment of social, social, monetary and political variables are answerable for its reality. Most nations have laws against kid work. Youngsters beyond thirteen fifteen years old perform light work; at fifteen, ordinary work is reasonable and at eighteen years old, one may partake in a wide range of work. The International Labor Organization (ILO) appraises that more than 400 million youngsters somewhere in the range of 5 and 14 years old are at present associated with some sort of paid work or work around the world. Despite the fact that Asia and Africa represent most occurrences of kid work, it isn't kept to these landmasses. Regardless of the considerable number of laws ensuring kids, we find that youngster work is as yet uncontrolled, all the more so in India and other south and south-east Asian nations. The different social associations which have jumped up so as to battle it have scarcely figured out how to place an imprint in the quantity of youngster workers. Now and again, the guardians of the kids drive them into business in light of destitution and in others the youngsters themselves take on it deliberately. In the resulting areas, we endeavor to record the different features of kid work, the response of the global network towards it and the degree of accomplishment of the measures attempted. In light of this data, we will endeavor to recommend measures to battle kid work. Why remember youngsters for the workforce? One of the primary reasons kids are remembered for the workforce is a direct result of the low expenses. Kids additionally will in general be brisk in learning new aptitudes. Their consideration has been supported because their â€Å"nimble fingers† can work with particular kinds of hardware that grown-ups can't. In the mid nineteenth century, kids were made to work in mines in England on the grounds that a large portion of the poles were unreasonably thin for grown-ups to go through. Most small kids are guiltless to such an extent that they don't know about their privileges; the by and large don't dissent or go on strikes or request better compensation, at the end of the day they can be effortlessly controlled. Fundamental driver of Child Labor 1) Poverty: As of 2010, 37% of India’s 1. 2 billion individuals are underneath neediness line. Likewise the World Bank evaluates that 33% of the world’s poor lives in India and neediness is the primary driver of youngster work. Guardians are compelled to send their youngsters for work since they need implies for endurance. Money related requirements and requirement for food apparel and sanctuary drive guardians to send their kids to perilous occupations despite the fact that their heart doesn't concur. That’s why you as often as possible see guardians sending their youngsters to businesses and furthermore discover kids picking plastic jugs, polythene packs, paper and so on from immense heap of garbage. We can likewise observe youngsters asking alongside their folks for endurance, some get their eyes blinded and appendages cut off for asking. Young ladies who are in their adolescents are constrained into prostitution; some are sewing from dawn to sunset. So neediness deeply affects youngsters being constrained into kid work. Likewise, in more unfortunate families on the off chance that the single bread worker turns out to be sick, at that point the entire family gets influenced and hugy affects their endurance. So this is one of the essential reasons why neediness urges guardians to send their kids for work. A portion of the less fortunate families additionally have increasingly number of kids and this adds to their hardships and powers them to send their youngsters for kid work. In spite of the fact that neediness is one of the fundamental driver of kid work, it may not be consistently a reason for kid work. For instance, in less fortunate areas of Kerala youngster work is exceptionally less and the explanation is credited to its high HDI. 2) Population Explosion: [pic] According to the Provisional Population Totals of Census 2011, the number of inhabitants in India is evaluated to associate with 1. 21 billion and which is developing at a pace of 1. 58% every year. As per the insights gave by UNICEF, there are an expected 250 million youngsters matured 5 to 14 years utilized in kid work worldwide and this figure is constantly expanding. In light of this populace burst, there is shortage of assets and when there is shortage and more mouths to take care of, kids additionally are sent to work. Table 1 Percentage of youngsters in complete populace |Age bunch |1991 |2001 | 2006 | |0-4 |12 |10. 7 |10. 4 | |5-9 |13. 2 |12. 5 |10. 7 | |10-14 |11. 9 |12. 1 |11 | |5 - 14 |25. 1 |24. 6 |21. 7 | |0-14 |37. |35. 3 |32. 1 | Note: 1991 Population Census figures rejected J K State and for Comparative purposes figures for J K for 2001 were barred. Source: Population Census 1991 and 2001 and Population Projections, Based on 2001 Census of India, (2006) including J K [pic] As we can see from the above tables and diagrams that the number of inhabitants in youngsters has diminished throughout the decades from 1991 to 2001. The decrease in youngster populace in India is credited to a decrease in the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) particularly in the conditions of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat. In any case, TFR stays high in a portion of the states like UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and MP. It very well may be seen that the extent of kids in populace affects kid Labor. Number of exact investigations on kid work has connected huge family size with high rate of kid work (Source: VV Giri National Labor Institute, 1999). 3) Lack of Primary Education for youngsters Lack of value essential instruction in the provincial regions makes individuals search for better gainful other options. This powers guardians to send their youngsters for kid work. Since India’s autonomy the quantity of youngsters going to class has expanded from 19. 2 million of every 1950-51 to 113. 8 out of 2000-01 (Source UNICEF India). In any case, this expansion is exceptionally less when contrasted with the all out increment in populace of youngsters in the course of the most recent couple of decades. Be that as it may, a few issues continue. Of India’s 7, 00,000 provincial schools, just one out of six have toilets stopping youngsters particularly young ladies from going to class. Additionally schools are confronting deficiencies in assets, study halls and educators. Moreover, there are social and social variables like station contrasts, oppression the young lady kid and so forth cap assume an essential job for guardians to oppose in sending their kids to schools and incline toward kid labour. |[pic] | |â © UNICEF India | |Girls prepared for class. | According to International Labor Organization (ILO), if youngster work will be prohibited and all kids get appropriate instruction the universes complete pay would be raised by almost 22% more than 20 years, which represents more than $4 trillion. ) Parental Illiteracy The lack of education among guardians settles on them to take nonsensical choices and in this manner send their youngsters for work. In light of their numbness they don't comprehend the significance of training which is a lot of required for the psychological improvement of the youngster. From the underneath table, level of kid work and rustic education has a backwards relationship. So absence of essential instruction among the kids will expand the odds of youngster work. 5) Social Apathy Most

MIT TechTV Incredible videos from the MIT community

MIT TechTV Incredible videos from the MIT community I have three final exams this week, so what better time to be watching videos! No, not on YouTube, but on MIT Tech TV (http://techtv.mit.edu/about/)! If you think MIT students are too smothered with work to let their creative juices flow, think again. On May 18th, they announced the winners of their Tech Video Showcase. Watch the videos and judge for yourself… I swear you’ll enjoy them! Grand Prizewinners 1st Place: Godel Escher Bach for Kids! â€"http://techtv.mit.edu/file/95/ 2nd Place: Spice Cream â€"http://techtv.mit.edu/file/68/ 3rd Place: Aaron and His Buddy â€" http://techtv.mit.edu/file/96/ Special Jury Prizes Best Technical Execution: Media Lab at Night â€" http://techtv.mit.edu/file/31/ Most “MIT”: The Making of Mens et Manus (in Origami) Vol. 1 â€" (Does Brian look familiar? That’s because I’ve blogged about him!) http://techtv.mit.edu/file/93/ Best Satire: Dihydrogen Monoxide â€" http://techtv.mit.edu/file/94/ Which one is your favorite?

A Code Of Ethics Of A Concrete And Electrical Business

Our business will be a partnership between Juan Alvarado and Eduardo Martinez will be starting a concrete and electrical business and we’ll be naming it JECE co. We came up with this name using our initials and the initial of what we are doing which is a concrete and electrical company. Our business will be providing work in the electrical and concrete field. Well be providing work to big companies, who want to build any type of buildings like schools, apartment, houses, and stores. Customers will be choosing us because we are a company who is providing two different services, and because we are going to provide the right and proper work. In order for our company to be trusted a code of ethics must be in place. The business must follow†¦show more content†¦Being part of a partnership allows the business to have more capital since there are two partners who are bringing their funds together for the prosperity of the business. A partnership is also good for the business since there is no income tax, and because two people with different ideas can come up with excellent ideas for the business. In every partnership is essential to have a partnership agreement. In our business, our partnership agreement will be between Juan Alvarado-Macedo of 3630 Wrench RD, Dunn, NC, and Eduardo Martinez of XXX, Godwin, NC. It will also have the duties that each partner will be doing within the business, Martinez will be in charge of the concrete part of the business and Alvarado will be in charge of the electrical part of the business. Each partner will be investing equal amounts of $30,000, and will be investing equal amounts of money while the business starts to expand. The Duration of this agreement will be (10) years at the beginning of 2018. The partnership agreement will also state that both partners will be earning the same amount of money each year, any losses in the business, it will be shared 50 percent Martinez, and 50 percent Alvarado. In case of termination of agreement or the death of the partner. The partners will have the primary chance to buy the others partners interest. Our business profile will include; the type ofShow MoreRelatedEthics, Morality, And Morality2531 Words   |  11 PagesEthics and morality may initially seem to be interchangeable words used to describe a code of conduct that society should follow in order to make informed decisions. However, they are in fact two separate entities that exist as individual codes of conduct, yet share a symbiotic relationship in decision making. Ethics can be described as the rules of behavior and demeanor as established by society, a certain sociological group of people, or a religion. 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Qafzeh Cave Evidence for Middle Paleolithic Burials

Qafzeh Cave is an important multicomponent rock shelter with early modern human remains dated to the Middle Paleolithic period. It is located in the Yizrael valley of the Lower Galilee region of Israel, on the slope of Har Qedumim at an elevation of 250 meters (820 feet) above sea level. In addition to the important Middle Paleolithic occupations, Qafzeh has later Upper Paleolithic and Holocene occupations. The oldest levels are dated to the Mousterian Middle Paleolithic period, about 80,000-100,000 years ago (thermoluminescence dates of 92,000 /- 5,000; electron spin resonance dates 82,400-109,000 /- 10,000). In addition to human remains, the site is characterized by a series of hearths; and stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic levels are dominated by artifacts made using the radial or centripetal Levallois technique. Qafzeh cave contains some of the earliest evidence for burials in the world.   Animal and Human Remains Animals represented in the Mousterian levels are woodland-adapted red deer, fallow deer, and aurochs, as well as microvertebrates. The Upper Paleolithic levels include land snails and freshwater bivalves as food sources. Human remains from Qafzeh cave include bones and bone fragments from a minimum of 27 individuals, including eight partial skeletons. Qafzeh 9 and 10 are almost completely intact. Most of the human remains appear to have been purposefully buried: if so, these are very early examples of modern behavior indeed, with the burials direct-dated to ~92,000 years ago (BP). The remains are from anatomically modern humans, with some archaic features; they are directly associated with Levallois-Mousterian assemblage. Cranial Trauma Modern behaviors indicated at the cave include the purposeful burials; the use of ochre for body painting; the presence of marine shells, used as ornamentation and, most interestingly, the survival and eventual ritual interment of a severely brain-damaged child. The image on this page is of this individuals healed head trauma. According to Coqueugniot and colleagues analysis, Qafzeh 11, a juvenile aged between 12-13, suffered a traumatic brain injury about eight years before his or her death. The injury would likely have impacted Qafzeh 11s cognitive and social skills, and it appears as if the juvenile was given a deliberate, ceremonial burial with deer antlers as grave goods. The burial and the survival of the child reflect an elaborate social behavior for the Middle Paleolithic inhabitants of Qafzeh cave. Marine Shells at Qafzeh Cave Unlike the deer antler for Qafzeh 11, the marine shells do not seem to be associated with burials, but rather are scattered more or less randomly throughout the deposit. Species identified include ten Glycymeris insubrica  or G. nummaria. Some of the shells are stained with red, yellow, and black pigments of ochre and manganese. Each shell was perforated, with the perforations either natural and enlarged by percussion or completely created by percussion. At the time of the Mousterian occupation of the cave, the sea coast was about 45-50 kilometers (28-30 miles) away; ochre deposits are known to be located between 6-8 km (3.7-5 mi) from the cave entrance. No other marine resources were found within the cave sites Middle Paleolithic deposits. Qafzeh cave was first excavated by R. Neuville and M. Stekelis in the 1930s, and again between 1965 and 1979 Ofer Bar-Yosef and Bernard Vandermeersch. Sources Bar-Yosef Mayer DE, Vandermeersch B, and Bar-Yosef O. 2009. Shells and ochre in Middle Paleolithic Qafzeh Cave, Israel: indications for modern behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 56(3):307-314.Coqueugniot H, Dutour O, Arensburg B, Duday H, Vandermeersch B, and Tillier A-m. 2014. Earliest Cranio-Encephalic Trauma from the Levantine Middle Palaeolithic: 3D Reappraisal of the Qafzeh 11 Skull, Consequences of Pediatric Brain Damage on Individual Life Condition and Social Care. PLoS ONE 9(7):e102822.Gargett RH. 1999. Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Cà ©saire, Kebara, Amud, and Dederiyeh. Journal of Human Evolution 37(1):27-90.Hallin KA, Schoeninger MJ, and Schwarcz HP. 2012. Paleoclimate during Neandertal and anatomically modern human occupation at Amud and Qafzeh, Israel: the stable isotope data. Journal of Human Evolution 62(1):59-73.Hovers E, Ilani S, Bar-Yosef O, and Vandermeersch B. 2003. An early case of color symbolism: Ochre use by mod ern humans in Qafzeh Cave. Current Anthropology 44(4):491-522.Niewoehner WA. 2001. Behavioral inferences from the Skhul/Qafzeh early modern human hand remains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(6):2979-2984.Schwarcz HP, Grà ¼n R, Vandermeersch B, Bar-Yosef O, Valladas H, and Tchernov E. 1988. ESR dates for the hominid burial site of Qafzeh in Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 17(8):733-737.

Republican Motherhood Free Essays

Kaley Ganey and Allie Linaugh October 15, 2012 Stuart Harmening APUSH The Republican Motherhood and Education for Women The republican motherhood was essentially the beginning of the new era for women. Before, women were not allowed to go to school, and we not educated as they were thought to belong in the home. Before the late eighteenth century, their role was to God and the care of the home and their children. We will write a custom essay sample on Republican Motherhood or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, Enlightened thinkers knew that it was the role of the mother to make sure her sons morals and values were in pace, and also they knew the future of the United States was dependent on mothers. For these reasons, the education of women became more important and more accepted. Women were responsible for instilling proper values, and an education in the principles of liberty and government into their sons. What didn’t make sense was, women were not educated well enough, sometimes they were able to write their names, and read small stories, but not all the time. During the late eighteenth century, the idea of educating women became more and more practical. If a woman were to educate their children, the future leaders and government officials of America, shouldn’t the woman be well educated themselves? After much thought and consideration, it was believed that women should be taught to read, write, do simple math, and also should be knowledgeable about the English language. With their education, women were better able to educate their sons, which was better for the country in the long run. People justified the education of women by saying that it was a woman’s duty to her country to educate her sons; therefore she should be educated as well. Putting the responsibilities of children in the hands of the women essentially put the future of America in their hands. The women were the ones filling the heads of children with knowledge, and teaching them how to better serve their country. How to cite Republican Motherhood, Essay examples

Trust in Charismatic leadership Essay Example

Trust in Charismatic leadership Essay According to Yukl (2006), trust is very important component in charismatic leaders. The charisma inspires trust and confidence from followers to the leader and makes the leader seem extraordinary and wise. Kamila is a person whom inspires trust and wisdom as a result other people ask for her advice very often. For example, when some of her friends want to start some new project they usually call her to discuss it and get her opinion. She is always willing to motivate and help others when they need it and she is concerned not only with personal goals but followers as well. As she always tells me, she believes in team work and knows that big things cannot be achieved by a single person. As she often says: When people are together they can achieve anything they want. I personally trust Kamila due to the fact that she will never let down those who trust her and believe in her. Knowing that she is charismatic and the confidence she shows when she talks makes me feel that everything is attainable and that I can follow her in anything she does without asking extra details. Unlike non-charismatic leaders, Kamila can make others willing to work harder to achieve high results by motivating them in various ways (i. We will write a custom essay sample on Trust in Charismatic leadership specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Trust in Charismatic leadership specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Trust in Charismatic leadership specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer e. by telling stories and using strong emotional metaphors). When I pass through some difficulties or problems she begins talking about a similar situation where she was in my position and explaining what she did to overcome it. While talking she is highlighting the points in where I have to act in the same way and she concludes that after any problems people always learn something and become better. While listening to her inspirational words I become positive and forget immediately about any problems. Houses indicators of charisma: House (1977) was another researcher to conduct his own theory of charismatic leadership. Houses research has derived some indicators of charisma which I can easily associate with my charismatic friend. He concluded that followers are willing to obey the charismatic leader because they perceive the leaders beliefs as correct. When we are in a company of common friends discussing or working with Kamila in the same project, I know that her opinion will be the correct one as she inspires confidence to me and other people. That is why I often wait for her opinion and agree with her even if someone else is not. Moreover, I can see that people are getting emotionally involved when she speaks and that they feel affection towards her. People are always willing to listen to Kamila and in most cases they agree with everything she says. Finally, it is worth saying that by inspiring high performance goals to followers, she makes them believe that they can contribute to the success of the mission and they work harder. In contrast to the theory of Conger and Canugo (1987) the extraordinary ability of the leader is not necessary. The Self-Concept theory of charismatic leadership talks about the leaders traits and behaviors. I will now describe them through my personal perspective from my experience with a charismatic leader. Kamila is a person who expresses a high need for power. This does not necessarily mean that she can only exist in the highest level of an organization but it demonstrates a need to control her own future and to be able to make her own choices. As she described to me, in order to do something which is not led by her she must be motivated and inspired, otherwise she is not willing to work hard. Kamila possesses a strong conviction in her own beliefs and ideals and this makes her confident that she can achieve everything she wants to. According to what she once told me, her core motivation in life is to make her name famous to the world. This is the main reason why she is currently doing many things at the same time (involvement in several societies at university and organizing charity events with me and other team members apart from studies). As she often says: The easiest thing in university is to study only and not be doing anything to prove your abilities to the world. The above statements made me conclude that achievement and recognition are Kamilas primary sources of motivation. Lastly, I can say that Kamila exerted some sort of influence on me; which is the reason why we work with a common mission and why I got inspired to improve myself and do something that the world can be proud of me. I will now move on and describe how leaders influence followers.

The Civil Rights Movement Oppressing the Black Population

The Civil Rights Movement Oppressing the Black Population Between mid 1950s and late 1960s, civil rights movements in America were at its peak. The civil rights movement was sparked by various factors that undermined and oppressed the black population. As a matter of fact, blacks were treated like half citizens, and they had no right to complain.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Civil Rights Movement: Oppressing the Black Population specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the South had devoted their energy in stabilizing and perfecting the Jim Crow ideology that required blacks to be segregated and separated from the white people. As a result, there was the lack of decent education, poor jobs and rampant poverty among the blacks. In response, the black citizen resorted to fighting for his rights; thus, the rise of the civil rights movement. During this era, there were key events that eventually led to a breakthrough in the fight for civil rights. Some of these eve nts are described briefly in the following paragraphs. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a spokesman for African Americans in the struggle for equal rights during the era. However, King received stern opposition from whites such as Governor George who was the symbol for opposition to racial interlink. King asserted that civil rights movement was more of a human rights movement than just a movement for black rights. According to King and other Black leaders, as long as Blacks were denied their full rights America could not be free. Under his leadership, key events such as the Brown vs. Board of Education case, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the 1960s Sit-Ins gained momentum. Overwhelmed by the poor quality of their school, students at Moton High School resorted to taking the matter to court (Robinson, 2005). The main cause of poor education facilities in the African American schools was the segregation laws. In 1954, the Supreme Court declared its verdict that segregation of White and Black Schools was unconstitutional (Robinson, 2005). As a result, segregation was phased out of schools and Black children had the right to attend white schools and receive a quality education. This key event enabled all citizens to explore education to the highest level regardless of race or color.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another key event is the Montgomery Bus Boycott that took place between 1956 and 1957. According to the segregation rules in public transport vehicles, Blacks were supposed to leave their seats for white travelers (The Henry Ford, 2002). In 1955, however, a lady called Rosa Parks refused to leave her seat for a white traveler and was fined by the court of law for misconduct. â€Å"Thereafter, fifty Black leaders organized a â€Å"Montgomery Bus Boycott† to demand a more humane transport system† (The Henry Ford, 2002). 381 days later, a federal court ordered the buses to drop the rules and allow for equal rights of travel. Martin Luther King participated in this boycott that resulted in equality among all Montgomery users. â€Å"In another scenario (1960), four college students organized a sit-in in a lunch counter to protest Woolworth’s idea of excluding Blacks† (Cozzens, 1998). The students had bought some goods in other areas of the store, kept the receipts and during the lunch hour they asked to be served. The students were not served; hence, they produced their receipts and demanded to know why they make decisions against them. Since then, Sit-Ins became rampant in several states and the message was effectively delivered. This trend led to the creation of student committees that eventually led to the freedom rides in 1961(Cozzens, 1998). In conclusion, these key events helped to reinforce the African American struggle for equal right rights, and finally, the light was found. References Cozzens, L . (1998). Sit-Ins. Retrieved from the Waston.org Website: watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/sit-ins.html Robinson, S. (2005). Brown vs. Board of Education. Web. The Henry Ford. (2002). The Story Behind the Bus. Retrieved from Thehenryford Website: https://www.thehenryford.org/explore/stories-of-innovation/what-if/rosa-parks/Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Civil Rights Movement: Oppressing the Black Population specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Comparing the Female Pirates Anne Bonny and Mary Read

Comparing the Female Pirates Anne Bonny and Mary Read During the Golden Age of Piracy (1700–1725), legendary pirates like Blackbeard, Bartholomew Roberts, and Charles Vane commanded mighty ships, terrorizing any merchant unfortunate enough to cross their path. Yet two of the most famous pirates from this age served on a third-rate pirate ship under a second-rate captain, and they never held an important position on board such as quartermaster or boatswain. They were Anne Bonny and Mary Read: bold women who left behind the stereotypical domestic chores of women at the time in favor of a life of adventure on the high seas. Here, we separate fact from myth in regards to two of historys greatest swashbucklerettes. They Were Both Raised as Boys Mary Read was born into complicated circumstances. Her mother married a sailor and they had a son. The sailor was lost at sea about the time Mary’s mother found herself pregnant with Mary, by another man. The boy, Mary’s half-brother, died when Mary was very little. The sailor’s family did not know about Mary, so her mother dressed her as a boy and passed her off as her dead half-brother in order to get financial support from her mother-in-law. Apparently, the scheme worked, at least for a while. Anne Bonny was born out of wedlock to a lawyer and his maid. He grew fond of the girl and wished to bring her into his home, but everyone in town knew he had an illegitimate daughter. Therefore, he dressed her as a boy and passed her off as the son of some distant relations. Bonny and Read may have been in a somewhat precarious situation- two women on board a pirate ship- but pity the fool who tried to take advantage of them. Before turning pirate, Read, dressed as a man, served as a soldier in an infantry regiment and once she became a pirate she was not afraid of accepting (and winning) duels with other pirates. Bonny was described as â€Å"robust† and, according to one of her shipmates, Captain Charles Johnson, she once badly beat a would-be rapist: â€Å"†¦once, when a young Fellow would have lain with her, against her Will, she beat him so, that he lay ill of it a considerable Time.† Piracy as a Womans Career If Bonny and Read are any indications the pirate captains of the golden age were missing out by sticking to all-male crews. The two were every bit as good at fighting, manning the ship, drinking and cursing as any other member of the crew, and maybe better. One captive said of them that they â€Å"were both very profligate, cursing and swearing much, and very ready and willing to do anything on board.† Like most of the pirates of the era, Bonny and Read made the conscious decision to become pirates. Bonny, who was married and living in the Caribbean, decided to run off with Calico Jack Rackham and join his pirate crew. Read was captured by pirates and served with them for a while before accepting a pardon. She then joined an anti-pirate privateering expedition: the would-be pirate hunters, most of whom were former pirates themselves, soon mutinied and returned to their old ways. Read was one of those who actively convinced the others to take up piracy again. Although they’re arguably the most famous real-life female pirates, Anne Bonny and Mary Read are far from being the only women ever to take up piracy. The most notorious was Ching Shih (1775–1844), a one-time Chinese prostitute who became a pirate. At the height of her power, she commanded 1,800 ships and 80,000 pirates. Her rule of the seas off of China was nearly absolute. Grace O’Malley (1530?–1603) was a semi-legendary Irish chieftain and pirate. Working Together and on Crews According to Captain Johnson, who knew both Read and Bonny, the two met while both were serving on Calico Jack’s pirate ship. Both were disguised as men. Bonny became attracted to Read and revealed that she was really a woman. Read then also revealed herself to be a woman, much to Bonny’s disappointment. Calico Jack Rackham, Bonny’s lover, was allegedly very jealous of Bonny’s attraction to Read until he learned the truth, at which point he helped both of them cover up their real gender. Rackham may have been in on the ruse, but it apparently wasn’t much of a secret. At the trials of Rackham and his pirates, several witnesses came forth to testify against them. One such witness was Dorothy Thomas, who had been captured by Rackham’s crew and held as a prisoner for a time. According to Thomas, Bonny and Read dressed as men, fought with pistols and machetes like any other pirate and were twice as ruthless. She said that the women had wanted to murder Thomas to prevent her from eventually testifying against them. Thomas said she knew them at once to be women â€Å"by the largeness of their breasts.† Other captives said that although they dressed like men for battle, they dressed like women the rest of the time. They Didn’t Go Out Without a Fight Rackham and his crew had been active in piracy on and off since 1718 when in October of 1720, Rackham was discovered by pirate hunters led by Captain Jonathan Barnet. Barnet cornered them off the coast of Jamaica and in an exchange of cannon fire, Rackhams ship was disabled. While Rackham and the other pirates cowered below decks, Read and Bonny remained on the decks, fighting. They verbally berated the men for their spinelessness and Mary Read even fired a shot into the hold, killing one of the cowards. Later, in one of the most famous pirate quotes of all time, Bonny told Rackham in prison: Im sorry to see you here, but if you had fought like a man, you need not have hanged like a dog. They Escaped Hanging Because of Their â€Å"Condition† Rackham and his pirates were swiftly tried and found guilty. Most of them were hanged on Nov. 18, 1720. Bonny and Read were also sentenced to hang, but both of them declared they were pregnant. A judge ordered their claim checked out and it was found to be true, a fact which automatically commuted their death sentence. Read died in prison shortly thereafter, but Bonny survived. No one knows for sure what became of her and her child. Some say she reconciled with her rich father, some say she remarried and lived in Port Royal or Nassau. An Inspirational Tale The story of Anne Bonny and Mary Read has captivated people ever since their arrest. Captain Charles Johnson featured them prominently in his 1724 book,   A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most  notorious  Pyrates, which certainly helped his sales. Later on, the notion of female pirates as romantic figures gained traction. In 1728 (less than ten years after Bonny and Reads arrest), noted playwright John Gay wrote the Opera Polly, a sequel to his acclaimed Beggars Opera. In the opera, young Polly Peachum comes to the New World and takes up piracy as she searches for her husband. Female pirates have been part of romantic pirate lore ever since. Even modern fictional she-pirates like Angelica, played by Penelope Cruz in Pirates of the Caribbean: on Stranger Tides (2011) owe their existence to Read and Bonny. In fact, its safe to say that Bonny and Read have had a far greater impact on popular culture than they ever had on eighteenth-century shipping and commerce. Sources Cawthorne, Nigel. A History of Pirates: Blood and Thunder on the High Seas. Edison: Chartwell Books, 2005. Cordingly, David. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1996 Defoe, Daniel. A General History of the Pyrates. Edited by Manuel Schonhorn. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1972/1999. Konstam, Angus. The World Atlas of Pirates. Guilford: Lyons Press, 2009 Rediker, Marcus. Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004.

Human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Human resources - Essay Example Noe, et.al, Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage Boston, McGraw-Hill, 2006). HR Skills Training: Job related skill development programs and education is important to be conducted on the employees to enhance and improve their knowledge and work skills. In order to execute tasks and assignments in an efficient manner, employees must achieve behavioural competencies. The training and development program helps employees to gain motivation and efficiently contribute to quality performance at a lower operational cost which leads to higher employee satisfaction and retention (M. Armstrong and S.Taylor, Armstrongs handbook of human resource management practice UK: Kogan Page Publishers, 2014). Remuneration: It refers to the compensation granted to the employees in return of the amount of output given by them during work performance and target achievement. These compensations are the salaries, wages, bonuses, benefits and perquisites in terms of cash and kind given to the employees. Employee Relations: This HRM function leads to better employee relation with the organization and the employer. This leads to motivation and maintenance of employee morale leading to higher productivity. Problem solving and following a specific organizational code of conduct are part of employee relationship maintenance (M. Armstrong and S.Taylor, Armstrongs handbook of human resource management practice UK: Kogan Page Publishers, 2014). Line managers have accountability for directly managing and supervising an employee or a team. They are answerable to the higher management authority on the employee performance and their well-being. The front line managers are also referred to as the line managers and have a supervisory role. They can also be team leaders and are appointed internally by the management, as well as they are represented as the

Employment Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Employment Law Assignment - Essay Example The employees should receive this statement not later than two months from the date of commencement of employment. It should contain the names of the employer and employee, date of commencement of employment2; rate and periodicity of remuneration, terms and conditions of the working hours, entitlement to holidays, terminal benefits, length of notice that the employee has to either receive or give if termination of employment is desired, job title of the employee3, etc. There is no restriction on the method of payment to be made to employees. Moreover, these methods are to be negotiated between the employer and the employees. However, if the agreed upon method of payment is subsequently altered by the employer and if such a departure leads to financial loss for the employee, then the employee is entitled to prefer a claim in respect of breach of contract. Nevertheless, the statute makes available to employees, the right to protection from unauthorized deductions from their wages and such protection is applicable even to persons working on a contract basis or as apprentices. Moreover, such protection has been extended to Crown servants and persons working on board a ship registered in the UK. Moreover, employers are well within their rights to make statutory deductions like those relating to income tax or insurance. Further, it is permissible to make deductions in instances of overpayment of wages, judicial decisions and participation in strikes4. In respect of retail work, additional protection has been afforded by the statute. A retail worker is any person carrying out retail transactions selling, which have been defined as the supplying of goods or services5. However, this additional protection has not been provided to those who transact only with companies. Moreover, an employer cannot make deductions in excess of a tenth of the gross wages in respect of shortages or stock deficiencies6. The time limit for making such deductions has been set at twelve months, unless the deduction forms part of a series of such deductions in respect of shortages or deficiencies. Furthermore, such deductions have to be made subsequent to informing the employee the exact amount due from him. Such communication of information has to be in writing and has to be made on a pay day7. Any employee, irrespective of the length of service put up, who is of the opinion that an unlawful deduction from wages has been made by the employer or if the employee has been required to make an unlawful payment may approach the Employment tribunal in order to obtain redressal for such grievance. The time limit for lodging such complaints is in general three months from the due date of payment of the wages or within such period as permitted by the Employment tribunal8. This three months limitation period in respect of payments by the worker to the employer is determined from the date of receipt of payment by the employer. If a series of deductions or payments are involved, then under such circumstances this three months period is to be reckoned from the date of the last deduction or payment in the series. However, this time limit can be extended by a further three more months under specific circumstances as per the provisions of the statutory dismissal, disciplinary and grievance procedures introduced from the 1st of October 20049. Wages have been defined to construe, as per this act as denoting amounts payable to employees

Importance Of The Performance Appraisal Business Essay

Importance Of The Performance Appraisal Business Essay Q3. Critically assess the importance of the Performance Appraisal as a function of human resource management in either a private or a public sector organization. Use a relevant case study discussed in the seminars to illustrate the importance of the above in relation to the strategic business objective of the organization. Introduction The Human Resources Management (HRM) is rational allocation of human resources in planned way based on the requirements of development strategy of organizations, which ensure the corporate strategic objectives. The HRM is a series of corporate policies in human resources affairs and relevant management activities. A diversity of functions are included in the HRM, and the key is to determine the employment needs of an organization and whether to outsource or hire staffs to fill these vacancies, recruiting, training, evaluating performance, and guaranteeing the personnel and management performs conform to numerous rules. Performance appraisal is one of the key functions of the HRM, it has a largely effect on the success of the organizations HRM, thus, it is no need to say that performance appraisal plays an important role in either private or public sector organizations. However, due to the complicated relationship within the organizations and the difficulties in designing appraisal system, performance appraisal cannot always be effective and useful. In this paper, some basic concept of performance appraisal will be discussed at the very beginning, the importance of performance appraisal will be discussed after that, issues which leads to ineffective of appraisal will be indicated and a case will also be used to illustrate the importance of performance appraisal. The Role and Purpose of Performance Appraisal The performance appraisal is one of the most important parts of HRM system. Performance appraisal is the method of obtaining, analyzing, and recording evidence about the relative value of a staff to the organization. It is an analysis of a staffs recent performance, advantages and disadvantages, and suitability for training or promotion in the future. Besides rewards allocation, organizations also use appraisals to offer growing advice to employees, as well as to know their perspectives about their positions, departments, supervisors and organizations (Walsh and Fisher, 2005). Generally speaking, the processes of performance appraisal are in six following steps: 1. discussing and establishing standards of performance with employees; 2. setting assessable targets; 3. measuring real performance; 4. comparing real performance with the employee; 5. discussing the evaluation with employee; 6. initiating corrective action when it is necessary. As a crucial function of HRM, although there is no consensus on the purpose of performance appraisal, the purpose of performance appraisal is generally identified as to improve current performance, provide feedback, increase motivation, identify training needs, identify potential, let individuals know what is expected of them, focus on career development, award salary increases and solve job problems (Torrington, Hall and Taylor, 2002). Performance appraisal plays a verity of roles in the HRM: it encourages supervisor and staff have regular and organized dialogue, makes the provision of feedback to the employee being assessed comprehensively; it enables to evaluate past and current performance, aims to find out the possibility for improvement and how to achieve it; it identifies the needs of training and individual or professional developmental; it gives advice for promotion and secondment; it is used to decide the performance-based payment. The Importance of Performance Appraisal in Organizations It is clearly that the HRM makes a great contribution for either private or public sector organizations to achieve organization goals, therefore, as an important function of HRM, the performance appraisal has significant importance in organizations. If there is no performance appraisal system, an organization can hardly have a clear understanding of its current situation, therefore it cannot get the direction and goals for improvement for future, the situation of the organization will be dangerous. If the performance appraisal system is full of deviation or even error, it can possibly lead the organization into a wrong direction of resource inputting, thus the organization will lose its long-term competitiveness. On the contrary, an effective performance appraisal system can ensure resources of the organization invested into the most critical processes, which can improve competitive advantage of organization. Generally speaking, the importance of performance appraisal to organization is mainly reflected in three aspects: 1. Affecting the productivity and competitiveness of organization. Performance of employees has a huge effect on productivity and competitiveness of the organization. Performance can be measured from work results, work action and work attitude of employees; 2. Performance appraisal result is an important indicator of personnel decisions. Performance evaluation offers important reference when organization making personnel decisions, such as promotion or demotion, secondment, salary adjustment and so on; 3. Effectively performance appraisal leads to better staff management. It means that an organization can make better evaluation of staff performance, which results in more reasonable remuneration and incentive. It also means that an organization will be able to offer more help to employees self-development since performance evaluation can explore the potential of employees and help them know clearly about what they should do to meet expectations better. Besides, it will help to achieve better communication between superiors and staffs, which promote greater unity of purpose. It is no doubt to say that strategic control plays an important role in meeting strategic business objective of the organizations. Strategy implementation is best accomplished through high-performing people (Michlitsch, 2000), that is to say, the HRM functions are important strategic control measurements. The ability of the organization to obtain a benefit from the professional knowledge and employees vision will be limited if there is an invaluable link between human resources functions and strategic plans of organization (Humphreys, 2005), so the link between the HRM and strategic objective is so important. As one of the core functions of the HRM, performance appraisal has purpose on administration and motivation, it provides important information and feedback for the HRM, so it is necessary for leaders of organizations to understand and create accomplished performance appraisal and feedback systems, which can link human resource management activities with the strategic needs of th e business (Schuler, Fulkerson and Dowling, 1991). On the other hand, according to the research of Walsh and Fisher (2005), organizations performance appraisal processes operate in ways that are less than ideal. Performance appraisal may be leaded to useless and inaccurate situation by many factors such as time pressures, complicated forms and psychological defense. Whats more, the appraisal process may become unclear and incoherent since employees and organizations try to meet different needs by performance appraisal. That is why most organizations agree that performance appraisal is important and must be executed, but only a few organizations can execute it continuously, usefully and effectively. Besides, a performance appraisal system should build clarity and reinforce a strategic corporate mission/direction (Chadwick, 1991), different parts of the organization will make effort to achieve the objectives in their one-sided view if a performance appraisal system didnt build clarity and strengthen strategic organization objective, th is may lead to sabotaging to overall organization goal. If things come to this situation, performance appraisal cannot act as an important and useful role in the HRM, let alone in strategic control. A Case Study of Rother Homes Effective performance appraisal systems do make important contribution for either private or public sector organizations. One of the evidence is from the experience of Rother Homes, which included in the case studies we had discussed in the seminars. The strategic business objective of Rother Homes was to reorganize its top two management tiers, which needed help in plan of succession and in-house development of managers. Rother Homes wanted to create an organization capable of grasping the opportunities which independence allowed (Analoui, 2007). After preliminary restructuring, a brand new performance appraisal system was in great need and conducted gradually. According to well-planned process and customized, well designed feedback questionnaire, Rother Homes benefited from 360-degree feedback not only for their new performance appraisal system but also their program of management development. Ten-month management-development program was conducted on the base of new performance app raisal system, the program made employees expanding and applying knowledge and views better, it also made participants doing better in teamwork. This program got very positive feedback from managers. Finally, under the help of more suitable and supportive performance appraisal system, Rother Homes successfully reorganized its management tiers, whats more, they got a more cohesive and enthusiastic management group (Analoui, 2007), well met the strategic business objective. This example well illustrated the importance of performance appraisal in relation to the strategic business objective of the organization. Conclusion As one of the most important functions of the HRM, performance appraisal plays a big role in the success of the organizations HRM. Performance appraisal affects the productivity and competitiveness of organization, the results of performance appraisal is an important indicator of personnel decisions and effectively performance appraisal leads to better staff management. Performance appraisal has a big importance to either private or public sector organizations and an effectively performance appraisal system does offers great help for either private or public sector organizations to achieve strategic goals. However, since the complicated relationship within the organizations and the complications in establishing well-designed appraisal system, performance appraisal cannot always be effective and useful as we expected it. In one word, establishing an effective appraisal system is not an easy task and it can never be completed overnight (Caruth and Humphreys, 2008). The only way to deve lop a useful and effective performance appraisal system is to work hard, think carefully, plan seriously and design accurately as what Rother Homes has done, it is not easy but is definitely worth to do.

The Definition of Prose

A. DEFINITION OF PROSE Prose  is a form of  language  which applies ordinary  grammatical structure  and  natural flow of speech  rather than  rhythmic structure  (as in traditional  poetry). While there are  critical debates  on the construction of prose, its simplicity and loosely defined structure has led to its adoption for the majority of spoken dialogue, factual discourse as well as topical and fictional writing. It is commonly used, for example, in literature, newspapers,  magazines, encyclopedias, broadcasting, film,  history,  philosophy, law  and many other forms of communication.Prose is a form of writing that does not fall into any particular formal structure and types of prose can include drama, articles, novels, short stories, letters, history, philosophy and biographies. Prose is a term applied to any kind of discourse that is not poetry. This term usually, but not always, refers to written rather than spoken language. As the format of e veryday communication, the term prose can apply to anything from a business letter to a 600-page novel. It may be easier to define prose by examining how it differs from poetry: the distinctions between the two are most evident in the structure.Prose does not have a rhythmical construction like most poetry, nor does it utilize the specific line breaks associated with verse. It does not require the use of rhyming words at the end of lines, and it is does not employ the brevity and economical use of words for which poetry is often known. There are some elements of poetry, however, that prose does utilize. These elements include the use of metaphor, the comparison of two unlike objects, and alliteration — the use of similar sounds at the beginning of words.Prose can also employ imagery, a term for the use of specific details that help to create the concrete visual world in the mind's eye. Imagery is like a painting made out of words. From the Latin words prosa oratio, which mean â€Å"direct speech,† prose is the dominant form in literature. It the accepted mode of writing for novels, short stories, plays and folk tales. This form is also used on the Internet and in everyday business communication B. TYPES OF PROSE There are seven types of prose which is regular speech or writing, not poetry. 1. Short StoryShort Stories are a kind of prose that normally comprises of less than 10,000 to 20,000 words but can be limited to as less as 500 words. This form of prose has been around for thousands of years and probably the oldest example is an Egyptian short story entitled â€Å"The Two Brothers†, from around 3200 B. C. A  short story  is a work of fiction, usually written in  narrative  prose. Often depicting few characters and concentrating a ‘single effect' or mood, it differs from the  anecdote  in its use of  plot, and the variety of  literary techniques  it shares with the more extensive  novel.Although the short story is expressly defined by its length, the precise length of stories that can be considered ‘short' varies between critics and writers, especially when taking account of the diversity of the form across genres. As such, the short story is defined relative to other prose forms in various traditions and styles, with the precise length of each story determined by each author's artistic intent or the requirements of the plot or depiction.Like the novel, the short story tradition has been defined and shaped through the markets available for publication, and thus, the form can be practically traced through the submission guidelines of publishing houses, print and online media that have solicited them. The short story has been considered both an apprenticeship form preceding more lengthy works, and a crafted form in its own right, collected together in books of similar length, price and distribution as novels.Thus, short story writers may define their works as part of the artistic and personal expression of the form. They may also attempt to resist categorization by genre and fixed form, finding such approaches limiting and counter-intuitive to artistic form and reasoning. 2. Factual Prose This is generally used for the writing of novels and short stories. Although examples of this kind of prose has existed throughout history, they did not actually develop into a systematic form until a few centuries ago. 3. LettersLetters are a form of prose that are a written or printed communication addressed to a person or organization which are usually transmitted by mail. 4. Novels Novels are a long story written in prose which gives a lot more freedom to the writer to experiment with lots of different literacy forms in one novel. 5. Diaries Diaries are a record of daily events, appointments, observations, etc. Or a book for keeping such a record and can be used in a personal sense or by a business. Three other kinds of prose are testimonies, journals and the personal essay which are less commonly used. 6. TestimonySome published oral or written autobiographical narratives are considered â€Å"testimonial literature† particularly when they present evidence or first person accounts of human rights abuses, violence and war, and living under conditions of social oppression. This usage of the term comes originally from Latin America and the Spanish term â€Å"testimonio† when it emerged from human rights tribunals, truth commissions, and other international human rights instruments in countries such as Chile and Argentina. One of the most famous, though controversial, of these works to be translated into English is I, Rigoberta Menchu.The autobiographies of Frederick Douglass can be considered among the earliest significant English-language works in this genre. 7. Journal A journal (through French from Latin diurnalis, daily) has several related meanings: * a daily record of events or business; a private journal is usually referred to as a d iary * a newspaper or other periodical, in the literal sense of one published each day * many publications issued at stated intervals, such as magazines, academic journals, or the record of the transactions of a society are often called journals.Although journal is sometimes used as a synonym for â€Å"magazine†, in academic use, a journal refers to a serious, scholarly publication that is peer-reviewed. A non-scholarly magazine written for an educated audience about an industry or an area of professional activity is usually called a professional magazine. 8. Personal essay â€Å"For more than four hundred years, the personal essay has been one of the richest and most vibrant of all literary forms. † (The Art of the Personal Essay by Phillip Lopate. ) The personal essay is also one of the most popular forms of creative nonfiction.A personal essay can be based on a personal experience that results in a lesson that you learn. A personal essay can also be a personal opini on about a topic or issue that is important to you. This article defines the personal essay. * Definition of the Personal Essay A personal essay is either a personal narrative in which the author writes about a personal incident or experience that provided significant personal meaning or a lesson learned, or it is a personal opinion about some topic or issue that is important to the writer. * Personal Essay as a Personal NarrativeA personal narrative has the following elements: * It is based on a personal experience in which you have gained significant meaning, insight, or learned a lesson. It can also be based on a milestone or life-altering event. * It is personal narrative. The writer tells the story by including dialogue, imagery, characterization, conflict, plot, and setting. * It is written in the first person. (â€Å"I† point-of-view) * It is an autobiographical story in which the writer describes an incident that resulted in some personal growth or development. * A pe rsonal essay is a glimpse of the writer’s life.The writer describes the personal experience using the scene-building technique, weaves a theme throughout the narrative, and makes an important point. There must be a lesson or meaning. The writer cannot just write an interesting story. * It does not have to be objective. However, the writer must express his/her feelings, thoughts, and emotions. * The writer uses self-disclosure and is honest with his/her readers. * The writer writes about a real life experience. The incident or experience must have occurred. The writer must use fact and truth. * The writer must dramatize the story by using the scene building technique.A scene includes setting/location, intimate details, concrete and specific descriptions, action, and often dialogue. * The Personal Essay as a Personal Opinion A personal essay can also be an opinion piece, an opinion that is based on a particular political or social concern or topic of interest. In this type of p ersonal essay, the writer can states the problem, provide solutions, and then write a conclusion—which must state an important point. Whatever the writer discusses, the topic is of interest to the writer. The writer frequently seeks to explain the truth or reality has he/she views it. Sometimes the writer ponders a question.Other times the writer explores a topic from his own perspective. The writer must not lecture, sermonize, or moralize. In other words, the writer must present his/her opinion in such a way that allows the readers decide for themselves. In Writing Life Stories, author Bill Roorbach provides an excellent definition of the personal essay, one that is based on a personal opinion. He states that the personal essay that is based on a personal opinion has these attributes: * A personal essay is a conversation with your readers. * The personal essay is an informed mixture of storytelling, facts, wisdom, and personality. The personal essay examines a subject outsid e of yourself, but through the lens of self. * The subject of the personal essay may be the self, but the self is treated as evidence for the argument. * Passages of narrative often appear but generally get used as evidence in the inductive argument. * The personal essay strives to say what is evident, and to come to a conclusion that the reader may agree or disagree. * A personal essay can wonder through its subject, circle around it, get the long view and the short, always providing experience, knowledge, book learning, and personal history.It should also be noted that a personal essay doesn’t need to be objective. It can be purely subjective. You don’t have to prove a point or show both sides of the argument. But you must express your own personal feelings, thoughts, and opinions on a topic or issue in a logical manner. * Subject for the Personal Essay Your subject can be about anything that you are passionate about. You can write about a â€Å"turning point† in your life, or a milestone, or adversity, such as death, illness, divorce. The subject you choose must have provided you with significant personal meaning or a lesson that you have learned.But, keep in mind, you are not just reflecting or remembering, you are going to make a point, some universal truth that your readers can appreciate. Otherwise, your story is just a story. So, write about the following: * Personal experience * Incident * Anecdote * Topic * Issue * A memory Your subject can also be a personal opinion on an issue or concern that is important to you, such as the garbage strike, crime, or unemployment. C. THE ELEMENTS OF THE SHORT STORY 1. PLOT The term short story is a relatively recent one. For example, Nathaniel Hawthorne 1837 collection of stories was titled Twice Told Tales.Today, the term tale suggests a simple narrative, told in chronological order. In the past, a short work was sometimes called a sketch. Today, sketch implies the narration of only single bri ef scene. Plot has been defined as â€Å"an author’s careful arrangement of incidents in a narrative to achieve a desired effect. The description of plot structure demonstrates how authors develop their stories: the discussion of techniques reveals how authors vary the chronology, provide hints of future action, sustain interest, and introduce the idea of chance or fate in the character’s lives. CAUSALITY A plot is a series of actions, often presented in chronological order, but the ingredient a plot has that a story lacks is causality. In a narrative with a plot, there is little that happens without a cause. * CONFLICT Even with the addition of causality, however, the concert ticket anecdote lacks another important ingredient. Traditionally, plots grow out of a conflict- an internal or an external struggle between the main character and an opposing force. When a story includes internal conflict, the main character is in conflict with himself or herself.In contrast, a n external conflict can occur between the central character and either another character, society, or natural source, including fate. The most common external force is another character. * PLOT STRUCTURE In literature, exposition refers to the explanatory information a reader needs to comprehend the situation in the story. Exposition establishes the setting, the major characters and some minor ones, the situation, and any necessary background information about what happened before the story began. The initiating incident is the event that changes the situation established in the exposition and sets the conflict in motion.The rising action, various episodes occur that develop complicate. In the rising action, various episodes occur that develop, complicate, or intensify the conflict. Climax has been defined in a number of ways: the point of greatest conflict, the emotional high point, the turning point in the plot, or the point at which one of the opposing forces gains the advantage. The events that follow the climax are known as the falling action. The falling action leads into the resolution or denouement of the story. The term resolution sometimes refers to all the events that follow the climax, including the denouement. . SETTING In the days of King Alfred there lived a poor woman, whose cottage was in a remote country village, many miles from London. Thus begins the old nursery tale â€Å"Jack and the Beanstalk. † The sentence describes the setting of the tale-that is, the time (in the days of King Alfred) and the place (a cottage in a remote country village far from London). Setting is so important that some readers base their literary likes and dislikes largely on the environment in a work-the future, early Rome, the English countryside, Los Angeles in the thirties, Detroit today, Cairo yesterday. ASPECTS OF SETTING Setting can be general (a city in the Midwest in the late nineteenth century), a specific (a three-story mansion on Pine street in Ch icago in 1885), or very detailed (the darkened parlour of that mansion at four o’clock on the first Tuesday in December). Setting usually functions as more than a backdrop for a story, however. * PURPOSES OF SETTING Setting may serve a number of purposes, such as influencing action, defining character, and contributing to mood. 3. CHARACTER As a literary term, a character is a person created from a work or fiction. CLASSIFYING CHARACTER In some cases, characters are veiled, autobiographical versions of the author. Often, they are people the author knows or people the author has observed or overheard. While the origin of a character is usually irrelevant, a character’s dimensionality and purpose in the story are important. 1. ) Round and Flat Character Round character is three dimensional character complexes enough to be able to surprise the reader without losing credibility. In contrast, a flat character is one whom Forster deems incapable of surprising the reader. ) M ajor and Minor Characters The term protagonist refers to the main or central character in fiction. Protagonist is an ancient Greek word for the central character of a drama. Rather, a more neutral and accurate word to describe the protagonist’s opponent is antagonist. Like protagonist, many antagonists will also be round characters, though it is possible for an antagonist to be flat character. Together, the protagonists and antagonists comprise the major characters. Characters other than major characters are classified as minor characters.A stereotyped character represents a category of people. The word stereotype comes from printing and refers to a metal mold used to mass produce duplicates of printing type. A final character category of character might be termed the piece of furniture character. 3. ) Active and Static Characters Another way to classifying characters is to label them as active (or dynamic) or static. An active character is one who changes because of what hap pens in the plot. Static characters, however, remain unchanged; their character is the same at the end of the story as at the beginning. . POINT OF VIEW AND TONE Point of view is the vantage point from which an author tells a story. There are two main points of view : first person ( I ) and third person ( he, she , they ) , but there are variations within these point of view. a. ) First Person (I) The â€Å"I† narrator is not the author. Instead, the author creates a persona or mask through which he or she tells the story. The â€Å"I† story may be a character in the story. IF there’s no â€Å"I’s,† the story is probably told from the third person point of view. b. ) Third PersonThe Third person point of view may be omniscient (in literally means â€Å"all knowing†): that is, may reveal the thoughts of all or most of the characters. In contrast, limited omniscient point of view focuses on the thoughts of a single character. One type of limit ed omniscience is the objective point of view, in which the author makes no commentary but records only those details that can be seen and heard, rather as a newspaper reporter does. Long works of fiction are often told from several points of view, but short stories are commonly presented from a single point of view. B. ToneTone in writing is somewhat like tone of voice in speech. Tone in writing is the author’s attitude towards the characters, the topic, or the readers, as expressed by the narrator, and it may come across in number of ways Tone in writing can be, among other thing, serious, introspective, satirical, sad, ironic, playful, condescending, formal and informal. Tone is achieved through descriptive details of setting and character, through dialogue, and through the narrator, direct comment and author tone is necessarily the same throughout a work, although in a short story, the same tone is usually maintained throughout. . Tone and Mood The terms tone and mood are sometimes confused. While tone conveys the author’s attitude, mood refers to the atmosphere in a story. Atmosphere may be mysterious, horror-filled, or serene. While both the tone and the mood of a story maybe the same (both may be sad, for example), it is usually common to distinguished between these to terms. Also, the mood of a story is not necessarily the same throughout. The climax may bring about a change from despair to triumph, or from anxiety to relief or from any mood another. b. Determining ToneOne way of determining the tone of the story his to decide what effect the story has on you. For example, if the author seems sympathetic or hostile to a character, you likely will be to. If the authors tone seems aloof, you may fill a corresponding aloofness. If the author tone is lightly satirical, the effect is likely to be amusement or a sense that the author satire is well aimed. 5. THEME Theme is an author’s insight or general observation about human nature or the human condition that is conveyed through characters, plot, and imagery.If you examine carefully these two quotations expressing theme, you should deduce two important clues to the nature of a theme statement: first, it is presented in a complete sentence, and second, its contents is debatable. a. Particularity and Universality Particullary refers to the uniqueness or singularity of a work of fiction. Universality, on the other hand, refers to the relevance or applicability of a fictional work to large groups of people across time and place. b. The roots of theme c. Locating theme Just focus first on elements of each story as you read.Examine those elements closely, rereading as needed. From the factual details of plot (especially conflict), character, and setting (especially imagery), clues to the author’s debatable opinion will emerge. d. Formulating a theme statement 1. Expressing theme as multiple statements. 2. Avoiding excessive theme statement. 6. STYLE Style is a w riter’s characteristic way of saying things. It is a product of both the character of the writer as an individual and the choices that he or she makes concerning diction , imagery, syntax and variety, and organizational structure. . Diction Diction refers to a writer’s choice of words. The words chosen can be described as general or specific ( tree versus weeping willow ) ; formal or informal ( â€Å" How do you do† versus â€Å"Hello† ); abstract or concrete ( honor or brotherhood versus desk ) ; common ( drat ); jargon ( any words understood by members of a specialized group such as doctors, teachers, astronauts ) ; Latin- based or Anglo-Saxon words ( make a hotel reservation versus book a room). Whatever the choice, the author’s dixtion needs to be both clear and appropriate.However, that in fiction the author’s diction does not need to be grammatical to be clear or appropriate. b. Imagery and symbol In literature, imagery extends to all the senses-sight, taste, smell, touch, and hearing. Imagery is also associated with figures of speech such as metaphor, personification, simile and others. A symbol is anything that signifies or stands for something else. In literature, symbol is anything concrete-an object, a place, a character, an action-that stands for suggest something abstract. c. SyntaxSyntax or sentence structure is the pattern or arrangement of individual words and phrases. A writer’s style also grows out of the mixture and variety of sentence patterns used in the writing. d. Organizational structure The organizational structure of most fiction is chronological: stories typically begin with exposition that established the setting, the chief characters, and the situation, including the conflict. 7. POPULAR SECTION a. Westerns The western story is a unique genre because the American frontier was a unique setting.Full of danger, hardship, beauty and the promise of wealth (or at least one’s own plo t of land), the frontier meant the opportunity to achieve the genuine independence. b. Detective and mystery A fiction that involves the unraveling of some puzzle or secret or crime is called a mystery. The classic detective story involves a police, private or amateur detective who investigates a crime and through observations, questioning, and deduction identifies the motive and the criminal from among a limited group of suspect. c. Fantasy and science fictionAll fiction is imaginary, but some of it can both be set in this world or in other world as we know it. Fantasy and science fiction can both be set in this world or in other worlds anytime. Both can and often do have social and political meaning. Fantasy has elements of the supernatural or magic. Science fiction, as its name suggest, its rooted in scientific and technological truths or in the possibility of scientific advancements based on what is known. Ghost and horror are stories that scare people have been popular and prof itable for a long time. References 1.Jane Bachman Gordon and Karen Kuehner, Fiction : The Elements of Fiction ( United States of America :1999 . PREFACE Alhamdulillahirobbilamin Gratitude belongs only to Almighty God, who has given his affection and the author for taking the time to complete the Introduction to Literature paper under the title â€Å" Fiction or Prose as Literary Genre â€Å". The authors also thank for several people who have helped in the completion of this paper. Papers on â€Å"Fiction or Prose as a Literary Genre† was filled to fulfill one presentation task Introduction to Literature course.Writing this paper aims to provide further information about the literature as an esthetic and study and the challenges to be faced in the future. This paper was presented several efforts that can be done to maintain the Introduction to Literature. The authors are aware that this paper is still far from perfect. Therefore, the authors expect criticism and suggestions either in writing or orally from the lecturer of Introduction to Literature course DR. Alek ,M. Pd so writers can develop science , especially the science of Introduction to Literature.

New Article Reveals the Low Down on Amazon California Bar Essay Writing with Samples and Trainings and Why You Must Take Action Today

New Article Reveals the Low Down on Amazon California Bar Essay Writing with Samples and Trainings and Why You Must Take Action Today Buying sample essays is simpler than you thought. Read our customers' reviews and feedbacks. For additional information, check out the side-bar. The Fundamentals of Amazon California Bar Essay Writing with Samples and Trainings Revealed To put it briefly, the very first paragraph gives a summary of the entire essay. You are able to discover extra issue essay prompts here and articulate and create an argument to back up your evaluation of the problem. If, for example, you're writing an essay on training a dog in 5 steps, do not incorporate the initial 3 steps within a paragraph and your own personal knowledge in the conclusion. Don't waste time and begin writing early The students should plan in a suitable manner about the ideal time to begin writing their thesis based on the length of the class. Sample essays have a set of advantages and things for students to achieve in regards to academic progress. It's quite challenging for the students to do research on the very same topic for 3-4 decades and compose a thesis paper when finishing their doctorate level. Students should compose such forms of paper throughout their entire studying course. Some students forget about probably the most essential thing in regards to paper writing. Accordingly, by reading and studying past exams you will boost your odds of seeing something similar on the authentic bar exam. You should be able to conquer the writing part of the exam also. Remember you won't be called upon in order to compose a Torts outline on the bar exam. One of the greatest ways to get ready for the exam is to truly understand the material. Possessing a strict approach towards one's health is among the fundamental facets of the Rastafarian culture and way of life. Maintaining spiritual purity is vital for the entire system of the body. A balance of science and problem solving questions offer you a sound evaluation of a students overall ability resulting in medical and skilled success. Personal issues can be exacerbated. In the event you haven't noticed, I'm a huge proponent of learning from the true test. So whenever you're practicing your rules, make certain you're learning rules that will help it become straightforward for the grader to determine whether you understand what you are referring to. In the event the question asks you to write from the view of plaintiff's counsel, make certain you do that! Likewise, make sure to adhere to any instructions provided in the question. You've got to demonstrate the examiners which you actually understand the rules and understand how to apply them. The examiner would like you to experience different exceptions in a straightforward and organized way. The bar examiners are not searching for your capacity to regurgitate rule statements. Your family members and friends may suffer. Take cat naps when you're tired and breaks every hour. The mood needs to be observed via the speech by the direction you pose and talk. The facts are many, but they're consistently provided in ways adding interest. Make sure that you have a clear comprehension of the fact pattern and the players involved. At precisely the same time, there's a narrative course that consistently sustains interest. Always work to start early and give adequate time for researching dependable and academic evidence to back up your arguments. Key Pieces of Amazon California Bar Essay Writing with Samples and Trainings In the event the question instructs y ou to ignore something, ignore it! It can be unbelievably tempting to devote additional time on a question. So that your answer ought to be in past tense. My reply to that question is YES! It is crucial to have a condensed and reliable outline for each topic before going into the bar exam. So as your bar exam study procedure gets under way, take the time to begin thinking in the manner of a bar exam grader. The bar exam isn't all that different. The California bar exam isn't an exception.