Zeigarnik Effect Essay Example For Students

Zeigarnik Effect Essay College of California Peer Reviewed Title: Technostress in the Bionic Library Author: Kupersmith, John Publication Date: 01-01-1998 Publication Info: Postprints, UC Berkeley Permalink: http://escholarship. organization/uc/thing/1hc8s95x Citation: Kupersmith, John. (1998). Technostress in the Bionic Library. UC Berkeley: Retrieved from: http://escholarship. organization/uc/thing/1hc8s95x Additional Info: John Kupersmith, Technostress in the Bionic Library . Initially distributed in Cheryl LaGuardia, ed. , Recreating the Academic Library: Breaking Virtual Ground, (New York: Neal-Schuman, 1998), pp. 3-47. Unique Citation: John Kupersmith, Technostress in the Bionic Library. Initially distributed in Cheryl LaGuardia, ed. , Recreating the Academic Library: Breaking Virtual Ground, (New York: Neal-Schuman, 1998), pp. 23-47. Catchphrases: technostress, PC related pressure, innovation, data frameworks, libraries Abstract: Computer-related pressure, now and then called â€Å"technostress,â⠂¬  influences staff and clients as libraries offer increasingly more data through sites and other remotely available electronic frameworks. We will compose a custom exposition on Zeigarnik Effect explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now This paper takes a gander at technostress with regards to general pressure hypothesis, the Zeigarnik Effect, and the idea of sensemaking. It proposes manners by which library web engineers, framework creators and supervisors can diminish pressure related issues. 2008 updates: In the a long time since it was distributed, this paper has held up genuinely well by and large. Ive included a few notes in the content to recognize conditions that have changed. I am thankful to the late Dr. Ilene Rockman, Manager of the California State University Libraries Information Competence Initiative and editorial manager of Reference Services Review, for checking on a prior adaptation of these updates. eScholarship gives open access, insightful distributing administrations to the University of California and conveys a unique exploration stage to researchers around the world. 1 The Bionic Library As perusers of this volume are very much aware, scholastic libraries are offering ncreasingly bountiful and different data in electronic structure for neighborhood and remote access. These electronic administrations started with online library indexes, have come to incorporate bibliographic, full-text, and picture databases, and, using Internet devices, for example, the World Wide Web, are quickly developing into organized data spaces where clients can distinguish and find both printed and electronic things, recover the last mentioned, and convey by means of email with master guides (e. g. , the library staff). Simultaneously, the physical library keeps on existing and even flourish, getting, sorting out, and presenting enormous amounts of material in print and other non-electronic organizations to significant quantities of understudies and staff. 2008: Thrive may not be the main word that comes into view when you read this ARL record, which shows noteworthy decreases in reference and dissemination exchanges somewhere in the range of 1995 and 2006 (http://www. arl. organization/bm~doc/arl-br-256-details. pdf). Be that as it may, the outcomes are blended, with participation at bunch introductions expanding. Regardless, weight on staff brought about by declining library use just fortifies that brought about by innovation. Accordingly it appears to be likely that scholarly libraries will keep on working in the two modes for quite a while. In begetting the term bionic library to portray this half and half idea, Harold Billings additionally implied the assortment of responses among possible clients: To certain researchers, the idea of an electronic library is heaven nearby; to other people, it is totally alarming. I propose that libraries are advancing as bionic libraries; natural, transformative, and electronically upgraded. Library assortments will proceed, lasting with books and diaries, yet for some data sources accessible through remote workstations, the library will soon never rest The old and new library frameworks will become acclimatized and interlaced. The library is likewise bionic as in it involves offices and organizations, yet in addition the fundamental human components: clients and staff. The achievement of any library framework, all things considered, lays not on how well the structure deals with paper, in the theoretical, yet on how promptly individuals will acknowledge it and how adequately they can utilize it. What's more, it is the organic parts of the library that grasp or reject the new innovations; satisfy or baffle the aims of framework fashioners; 2 and, particularly in this season of progress, experience the sort of tension and confusion known as technostress. Stress and Technostress It barely need be expressed here that pressure plays a basic and hazardous job in current life. Most present day stress hypothesis depends on crafted by Hans Selye, who characterized three phases of response to stressors in the earth: caution, opposition, and (in extraordinary situations where stress is not kidding and delayed) weariness. 2] While stressors can be charming or upsetting and stress can have constructive effectsâ€energizing an individual, centering consideration, and invigorating practices of commitment and productive adaptationâ€generally it is the negative part of misery that justifies our consideration here. Indications of stress might be physical (e. g. , muscle strain, quick hea rtbeat, dry mouth and throat, shallow breathing, cerebral pains, gastric issues), subjective (mental weakness, powerlessness to focus, misguided thinking), full of feeling (crabbiness, tension, mental exhaustion, wretchedness), or social (imprudence, shirking, withdrawal, loss of hunger, a sleeping disorder). Different specialists have underscored the significance of the people evaluation of a likely stressor (a charging rhino hence evoking a more grounded response than an obstinate hypertext interface), how much the individual sees that he/she can control the circumstance, character contrasts and social help systems that influence people responses and flexibility, and the added substance and combined impacts of various stressors, including both pessimistic and constructive life occasions. Aggravating the impacts of various stressors is the wonder known as the Zeigarnik impact, which affirms a typical human encounter: intruded on errands will in general be recollected superior to finished undertakings, particularly when the individual is profoundly associated with the assignment and when the interference is impromptu. This clarifies why staff and clients of the bionic library, shuffling a large group of undertakings, will in general heft around (and experience proceeding with worry from) their psychological plans for the day, and why many think that its hard to get a lot of fulfillment from finished errands. Computersâ€or, all the more accurately, the manners by which individuals and associations see, use, and identify with computersâ€are a strong wellspring of worry, in the bionic library as somewhere else. Craig Brod, who presented the term technostress in 1984, characterized it as: a cutting edge malady of adjustment brought about by a powerlessness to adapt to the new PC innovations in a solid way. It shows itself in two particular and related ways: in the battle to acknowledge PC innovation, and in the more specific type of overidentification with PC innovation. The essential side effect of the individuals who are irresolute, hesitant, or dreadful of PCs is tension. This tension is communicated from multiple points of view: crabbiness, cerebral pains, bad dreams, protection from finding out about the PC, or through and through dismissal of the innovation. Technoanxiety most usually distresses the individuals who feel pressuredâ€by manager, peers, or the general cultureâ€to acknowledge and use PCs. 3 As Brod proposes, technostress takes a few structures. Physical issues, for example, dreary strain wounds, carpal passage condition, or back issues result from poor machine structure or ergonomics. PC nervousness contains a few issues, extending from transitory disarray over how to utilize a framework, to sentiments of being hurried or dehumanized by the PC, to the unmistakable and progressively inescapable dread known as computerphobia or technophobia. At the opposite finish of the attitudinal range, the individuals who are profoundly positive about and associated with PCs additionally experience technostress. This impact can be very unobtrusive, as when individuals endeavor to coordinate their reasoning and conduct to that of PC frameworks, particularly when the interface configuration does little to adjust the hidden elements of the machine to human discernments and conduct. Margaret Stiegs portrayal of technostress underscores these impacts: To utilize any innovation effectively, the client is compelled to fit in with its examples. The PC has significantly modified our feeling of time, a change with numerous perspectives. It has made conceivable more prominent effectiveness, hence more noteworthy productivity is presently required. The PC requires quick reaction. Huge numbers of us locate the squinting cursor overbearing and to some degree alarming . The speeding up of work the PC has brought restrains reflection, which thusly hinders nderstanding. These qualities give a more noteworthy need to keep moving to the laborer, an impulse not to sit around idly, an awareness of stress. 2008: Web interfaces have supplanted the oppression of the squinting cursor with different noticeable choices sitting tight for a mouse click or other client activity. This is an extraordinary improvement if the interface is all around structured, however quick reaction times o n rapid systems and the developing number of PC related assignments have joined to press most library clients and staff. A similar marvel is reflected in an ongoing handbook from a business counseling firm, planned to enable corporate representatives to conform to the quick evolving, electronic, worldwide working environment: you have to work with a solid desire to move quickly. Quicken in all parts of your work, regardless of whether it implies living with a couple of progressively worn out edges. Certainly, great is essential, however it must come qui

Child Labour free essay sample

The paper finishes up by proposing and suggesting methods of decidedly overseeing youngster work. Such incorporate tremendous grassroots data battles and advising on the perilous impacts of youngster work and its financial qualities. It additionally examines the jobs bureaucratic/state governments can play through government funded training and authorization of the all inclusive fundamental instruction objectives; presentation of an altered school educational plan that puts the beneficiaries of youngster work into thought; making and supporting restoration and joining programs and the order of punishments and assents against perpetuators negative kid work. Catchphrases: Bonded kid work, kid work, youngster dealing, social practice, misuse, kid prostitution, restoration, independence. Presentation: Child work has been the central purpose of widespread conversation over some undefined time frame. Columnists, clinicians, sociologists, government officials, humanitarians and even abstract craftsmen have pondered on and looked for methods of halting this exploitative and unsafe marvel to no 28 Edo Journal of Counseling Vol. 3, No. 1, 2010 benefit. Governments, social activists, universal associations and different gatherings all have their own translations of the term. As a rule, youngster work is â€Å"work for kids that hurts them or endeavors them here and there (intellectually, genuinely or by obstructing their entrance to education)†. It is imperative to understand that not all work can be viewed as kid work. Youngsters undertaking a couple of long periods of family errands, assisting with the family shop, or accomplishing school related work is really advantageous for them. Such work won't hamper the instruction, yet in certainty improves social aptitudes and empowers to gain proficiency with another exchange. While a few sorts of work like soldiering and prostitution are all around thought about unsuitable for a kid, a few social researchers have their own benchmarks for youngster work. As UNICEF’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report puts it, Children’s work should be viewed as occurring along a continuum, with ruinous or exploitative work toward one side and gainful work advancing or upgrading children’s improvement without meddling with their tutoring, entertainment and rest at the other. What's more, between these two posts are tremendous territories of work that need not contrarily influence a child’s advancement. There are enterprises and people who utilize small kids and set them to work under overwhelming circumstances. A large number of kids in India and abroad are compelled to work extended periods of time stringing floor coverings or assembling firecrackers. The conditions under which they work can be best depicted as torment. A large portion of them don't get the opportunity to come around; instruction is a far off dream. Kid work is a mind boggling issue influencing all nations of the world. Despite the fact that it predominantly originates from neediness, a wide assortment of social, social, monetary and political variables are answerable for its reality. Most nations have laws against kid work. Youngsters beyond thirteen fifteen years old perform light work; at fifteen, ordinary work is reasonable and at eighteen years old, one may partake in a wide range of work. The International Labor Organization (ILO) appraises that more than 400 million youngsters somewhere in the range of 5 and 14 years old are at present associated with some sort of paid work or work around the world. Despite the fact that Asia and Africa represent most occurrences of kid work, it isn't kept to these landmasses. Regardless of the considerable number of laws ensuring kids, we find that youngster work is as yet uncontrolled, all the more so in India and other south and south-east Asian nations. The different social associations which have jumped up so as to battle it have scarcely figured out how to place an imprint in the quantity of youngster workers. Now and again, the guardians of the kids drive them into business in light of destitution and in others the youngsters themselves take on it deliberately. In the resulting areas, we endeavor to record the different features of kid work, the response of the global network towards it and the degree of accomplishment of the measures attempted. In light of this data, we will endeavor to recommend measures to battle kid work. Why remember youngsters for the workforce? One of the primary reasons kids are remembered for the workforce is a direct result of the low expenses. Kids additionally will in general be brisk in learning new aptitudes. Their consideration has been supported because their â€Å"nimble fingers† can work with particular kinds of hardware that grown-ups can't. In the mid nineteenth century, kids were made to work in mines in England on the grounds that a large portion of the poles were unreasonably thin for grown-ups to go through. Most small kids are guiltless to such an extent that they don't know about their privileges; the by and large don't dissent or go on strikes or request better compensation, at the end of the day they can be effortlessly controlled. Fundamental driver of Child Labor 1) Poverty: As of 2010, 37% of India’s 1. 2 billion individuals are underneath neediness line. Likewise the World Bank evaluates that 33% of the world’s poor lives in India and neediness is the primary driver of youngster work. Guardians are compelled to send their youngsters for work since they need implies for endurance. Money related requirements and requirement for food apparel and sanctuary drive guardians to send their kids to perilous occupations despite the fact that their heart doesn't concur. That’s why you as often as possible see guardians sending their youngsters to businesses and furthermore discover kids picking plastic jugs, polythene packs, paper and so on from immense heap of garbage. We can likewise observe youngsters asking alongside their folks for endurance, some get their eyes blinded and appendages cut off for asking. Young ladies who are in their adolescents are constrained into prostitution; some are sewing from dawn to sunset. So neediness deeply affects youngsters being constrained into kid work. Likewise, in more unfortunate families on the off chance that the single bread worker turns out to be sick, at that point the entire family gets influenced and hugy affects their endurance. So this is one of the essential reasons why neediness urges guardians to send their kids for work. A portion of the less fortunate families additionally have increasingly number of kids and this adds to their hardships and powers them to send their youngsters for kid work. In spite of the fact that neediness is one of the fundamental driver of kid work, it may not be consistently a reason for kid work. For instance, in less fortunate areas of Kerala youngster work is exceptionally less and the explanation is credited to its high HDI. 2) Population Explosion: [pic] According to the Provisional Population Totals of Census 2011, the number of inhabitants in India is evaluated to associate with 1. 21 billion and which is developing at a pace of 1. 58% every year. As per the insights gave by UNICEF, there are an expected 250 million youngsters matured 5 to 14 years utilized in kid work worldwide and this figure is constantly expanding. In light of this populace burst, there is shortage of assets and when there is shortage and more mouths to take care of, kids additionally are sent to work. Table 1 Percentage of youngsters in complete populace |Age bunch |1991 |2001 | 2006 | |0-4 |12 |10. 7 |10. 4 | |5-9 |13. 2 |12. 5 |10. 7 | |10-14 |11. 9 |12. 1 |11 | |5 - 14 |25. 1 |24. 6 |21. 7 | |0-14 |37. |35. 3 |32. 1 | Note: 1991 Population Census figures rejected J K State and for Comparative purposes figures for J K for 2001 were barred. Source: Population Census 1991 and 2001 and Population Projections, Based on 2001 Census of India, (2006) including J K [pic] As we can see from the above tables and diagrams that the number of inhabitants in youngsters has diminished throughout the decades from 1991 to 2001. The decrease in youngster populace in India is credited to a decrease in the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) particularly in the conditions of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat. In any case, TFR stays high in a portion of the states like UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and MP. It very well may be seen that the extent of kids in populace affects kid Labor. Number of exact investigations on kid work has connected huge family size with high rate of kid work (Source: VV Giri National Labor Institute, 1999). 3) Lack of Primary Education for youngsters Lack of value essential instruction in the provincial regions makes individuals search for better gainful other options. This powers guardians to send their youngsters for kid work. Since India’s autonomy the quantity of youngsters going to class has expanded from 19. 2 million of every 1950-51 to 113. 8 out of 2000-01 (Source UNICEF India). In any case, this expansion is exceptionally less when contrasted with the all out increment in populace of youngsters in the course of the most recent couple of decades. Be that as it may, a few issues continue. Of India’s 7, 00,000 provincial schools, just one out of six have toilets stopping youngsters particularly young ladies from going to class. Additionally schools are confronting deficiencies in assets, study halls and educators. Moreover, there are social and social variables like station contrasts, oppression the young lady kid and so forth cap assume an essential job for guardians to oppose in sending their kids to schools and incline toward kid labour. |[pic] | |â © UNICEF India | |Girls prepared for class. | According to International Labor Organization (ILO), if youngster work will be prohibited and all kids get appropriate instruction the universes complete pay would be raised by almost 22% more than 20 years, which represents more than $4 trillion. ) Parental Illiteracy The lack of education among guardians settles on them to take nonsensical choices and in this manner send their youngsters for work. In light of their numbness they don't comprehend the significance of training which is a lot of required for the psychological improvement of the youngster. From the underneath table, level of kid work and rustic education has a backwards relationship. So absence of essential instruction among the kids will expand the odds of youngster work. 5) Social Apathy Most

MIT TechTV Incredible videos from the MIT community

MIT TechTV Incredible videos from the MIT community I have three final exams this week, so what better time to be watching videos! No, not on YouTube, but on MIT Tech TV (http://techtv.mit.edu/about/)! If you think MIT students are too smothered with work to let their creative juices flow, think again. On May 18th, they announced the winners of their Tech Video Showcase. Watch the videos and judge for yourself… I swear you’ll enjoy them! Grand Prizewinners 1st Place: Godel Escher Bach for Kids! â€"http://techtv.mit.edu/file/95/ 2nd Place: Spice Cream â€"http://techtv.mit.edu/file/68/ 3rd Place: Aaron and His Buddy â€" http://techtv.mit.edu/file/96/ Special Jury Prizes Best Technical Execution: Media Lab at Night â€" http://techtv.mit.edu/file/31/ Most “MIT”: The Making of Mens et Manus (in Origami) Vol. 1 â€" (Does Brian look familiar? That’s because I’ve blogged about him!) http://techtv.mit.edu/file/93/ Best Satire: Dihydrogen Monoxide â€" http://techtv.mit.edu/file/94/ Which one is your favorite?

A Code Of Ethics Of A Concrete And Electrical Business

Our business will be a partnership between Juan Alvarado and Eduardo Martinez will be starting a concrete and electrical business and we’ll be naming it JECE co. We came up with this name using our initials and the initial of what we are doing which is a concrete and electrical company. Our business will be providing work in the electrical and concrete field. Well be providing work to big companies, who want to build any type of buildings like schools, apartment, houses, and stores. Customers will be choosing us because we are a company who is providing two different services, and because we are going to provide the right and proper work. In order for our company to be trusted a code of ethics must be in place. The business must follow†¦show more content†¦Being part of a partnership allows the business to have more capital since there are two partners who are bringing their funds together for the prosperity of the business. A partnership is also good for the business since there is no income tax, and because two people with different ideas can come up with excellent ideas for the business. In every partnership is essential to have a partnership agreement. In our business, our partnership agreement will be between Juan Alvarado-Macedo of 3630 Wrench RD, Dunn, NC, and Eduardo Martinez of XXX, Godwin, NC. It will also have the duties that each partner will be doing within the business, Martinez will be in charge of the concrete part of the business and Alvarado will be in charge of the electrical part of the business. Each partner will be investing equal amounts of $30,000, and will be investing equal amounts of money while the business starts to expand. The Duration of this agreement will be (10) years at the beginning of 2018. The partnership agreement will also state that both partners will be earning the same amount of money each year, any losses in the business, it will be shared 50 percent Martinez, and 50 percent Alvarado. In case of termination of agreement or the death of the partner. The partners will have the primary chance to buy the others partners interest. Our business profile will include; the type ofShow MoreRelatedEthics, Morality, And Morality2531 Words   |  11 PagesEthics and morality may initially seem to be interchangeable words used to describe a code of conduct that society should follow in order to make informed decisions. However, they are in fact two separate entities that exist as individual codes of conduct, yet share a symbiotic relationship in decision making. Ethics can be described as the rules of behavior and demeanor as established by society, a certain sociological group of people, or a religion. Consequently, due to the nature of ethics, theyRead MoreFall of Enron1160 Words   |  5 PagesBe specific and support your statement with concrete information. Prior to the year 2000, Enron Company, established in the mid-80s, caused the admiration worldwide because of its fast rise of revenue both in the local and international stock market in a short period of time. Enron’s operating income in the year 2000 was stated in $100.7 billion and its after-tax net income was reported in $979 million (Palepu Healy, 2013). The enterprise’s business model was based on energy-trading, centeredRead MoreEthics Intellectual Report2629 Words   |  11 PagesELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Spring 2011 Engineering Project amp; management Report – 6 ETHICS, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, AND PATENT Team # 5 Report prepared by TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1: SCOPE 3 2: ETHICS ISSUES IN ENGINEERING DESIGN3 2.1 DESIGNING BRIDGE3 2.2 THE DESIGN PROBLEM4 3: LEGISLATION AND ETHICS CODES4 3.1 THE ETHICS CODES OF DESIGN A BRIDGE4 3.2 GENERAL EHTICS CODES OF DESIGN A BRIDGE5 3.3 SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION5 Read MoreJJT Task 1 Social Responsibility4418 Words   |  18 Pages 1 JJT Task 1 – Social Responsibility Strategies 2 A small business, which shall be named for the purposes of this report SE Construction, will be reviewed in relationship to social responsibility in a business. In the corporate world this is called â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)†. Corporate Social Responsibility â€Å"generally refers to the idea that corporations have broader responsibilities to society than merely maximizing shareholder value. Corporate sustainability is aRead MoreFull Assignment Unit 2022117 Words   |  9 PagesTask 1A Explain the difference between legislation, codes of practice and workplace policies A legislation is a law made by the government that dictate the general rules. The code of practice is more like how to put in to practice the legislation setting up the standards and the ethics. The work place policies are â€Å"rules† made by the employer that may be different from an employer to another but never in contrast to the legislation or the code of practice. Candidates are required to outline the mainRead MoreCustom Home Building Proposal4042 Words   |  17 Pagesfor the editable templates. Jane and Sam Larkin PO Box 1023 Everett, WA 98201-1023 Dear Jane and Sam, Thank you for taking the time to meet with a representative from Watson Custom Homes. Based on the information he shared with me, I think our business would be a perfect fit for your needs. We’ve been building custom homes in Snohomish County since 1996, receiving multiple awards. The quality of our work is well-known. We don’t just build homes, we build dreams. And that’s our goal for you if youRead MoreBase Ball Field Rfp Essay example5075 Words   |  21 Pages20 acre section of land owned by the Texas Dodgers. The general contractor will be responsible for the production of the project design and submitted to us for final approval. Our feasibility study shows all utilities; such as water, sewer, and electrical to be readily available. 1.1. General Description of Work The project goals include the general construction of a new baseball practice field of regulation size with multi-purpose synthetic turf installed, and a field club houseRead MoreUniversity of Nairobi Bsc. Civil Engineering Degree Programme Details6511 Words   |  27 PagesUON Academics Admission Student Life Research Contact Us Home Academics Degree Programmes Degree Information Degree Regulation A-Z List of UON Departm ets a b c d e f g h ijklmn o p q r s t u v w x y z B.sc. (civil Engineering) Degree Code: F16 Duration: 5 Faculty/School/Institute offered: SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Regulations Introduction General Regulations Course Outline Course Description Further Information Entry Requirements Course Description FIRST YEAR OF STUDY - SEMESTER I FCERead MoreTransaction Cost Economics in Construction Industry2299 Words   |  10 Pagesspecifications in areas such as building services. For instance, most large infrastructure contractor would invest in batching plant/ on-site concrete mixer, which allow specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented on respective construction sites, instead of buy from ready mix concrete manufacturing company. The reasons being (1) concrete has limited timespan of approximately 90 minutes between mixing and going-off; (2) most batching plants are mobile and relocating them is relativelyRead MoreFinal Exam Questions On Class Is506-2015 Summerii2163 Words   |  9 Pageserrors; and 4) document in a professional manner. After you complete all areas of the Assignment, you will need to submit ALL forms referred to in the questions as well as your analysis and scripts in D2L. While all of the questions relate to the Business Impact Analysis (BIA) document that is included in the final exam zip file, you do NOT need to read this case study from start to finish. Rather, you would refer to the BIA and search for information based on the questions that you are to answer

Qafzeh Cave Evidence for Middle Paleolithic Burials

Qafzeh Cave is an important multicomponent rock shelter with early modern human remains dated to the Middle Paleolithic period. It is located in the Yizrael valley of the Lower Galilee region of Israel, on the slope of Har Qedumim at an elevation of 250 meters (820 feet) above sea level. In addition to the important Middle Paleolithic occupations, Qafzeh has later Upper Paleolithic and Holocene occupations. The oldest levels are dated to the Mousterian Middle Paleolithic period, about 80,000-100,000 years ago (thermoluminescence dates of 92,000 /- 5,000; electron spin resonance dates 82,400-109,000 /- 10,000). In addition to human remains, the site is characterized by a series of hearths; and stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic levels are dominated by artifacts made using the radial or centripetal Levallois technique. Qafzeh cave contains some of the earliest evidence for burials in the world.   Animal and Human Remains Animals represented in the Mousterian levels are woodland-adapted red deer, fallow deer, and aurochs, as well as microvertebrates. The Upper Paleolithic levels include land snails and freshwater bivalves as food sources. Human remains from Qafzeh cave include bones and bone fragments from a minimum of 27 individuals, including eight partial skeletons. Qafzeh 9 and 10 are almost completely intact. Most of the human remains appear to have been purposefully buried: if so, these are very early examples of modern behavior indeed, with the burials direct-dated to ~92,000 years ago (BP). The remains are from anatomically modern humans, with some archaic features; they are directly associated with Levallois-Mousterian assemblage. Cranial Trauma Modern behaviors indicated at the cave include the purposeful burials; the use of ochre for body painting; the presence of marine shells, used as ornamentation and, most interestingly, the survival and eventual ritual interment of a severely brain-damaged child. The image on this page is of this individuals healed head trauma. According to Coqueugniot and colleagues analysis, Qafzeh 11, a juvenile aged between 12-13, suffered a traumatic brain injury about eight years before his or her death. The injury would likely have impacted Qafzeh 11s cognitive and social skills, and it appears as if the juvenile was given a deliberate, ceremonial burial with deer antlers as grave goods. The burial and the survival of the child reflect an elaborate social behavior for the Middle Paleolithic inhabitants of Qafzeh cave. Marine Shells at Qafzeh Cave Unlike the deer antler for Qafzeh 11, the marine shells do not seem to be associated with burials, but rather are scattered more or less randomly throughout the deposit. Species identified include ten Glycymeris insubrica  or G. nummaria. Some of the shells are stained with red, yellow, and black pigments of ochre and manganese. Each shell was perforated, with the perforations either natural and enlarged by percussion or completely created by percussion. At the time of the Mousterian occupation of the cave, the sea coast was about 45-50 kilometers (28-30 miles) away; ochre deposits are known to be located between 6-8 km (3.7-5 mi) from the cave entrance. No other marine resources were found within the cave sites Middle Paleolithic deposits. Qafzeh cave was first excavated by R. Neuville and M. Stekelis in the 1930s, and again between 1965 and 1979 Ofer Bar-Yosef and Bernard Vandermeersch. Sources Bar-Yosef Mayer DE, Vandermeersch B, and Bar-Yosef O. 2009. Shells and ochre in Middle Paleolithic Qafzeh Cave, Israel: indications for modern behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 56(3):307-314.Coqueugniot H, Dutour O, Arensburg B, Duday H, Vandermeersch B, and Tillier A-m. 2014. Earliest Cranio-Encephalic Trauma from the Levantine Middle Palaeolithic: 3D Reappraisal of the Qafzeh 11 Skull, Consequences of Pediatric Brain Damage on Individual Life Condition and Social Care. PLoS ONE 9(7):e102822.Gargett RH. 1999. Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Cà ©saire, Kebara, Amud, and Dederiyeh. Journal of Human Evolution 37(1):27-90.Hallin KA, Schoeninger MJ, and Schwarcz HP. 2012. Paleoclimate during Neandertal and anatomically modern human occupation at Amud and Qafzeh, Israel: the stable isotope data. Journal of Human Evolution 62(1):59-73.Hovers E, Ilani S, Bar-Yosef O, and Vandermeersch B. 2003. An early case of color symbolism: Ochre use by mod ern humans in Qafzeh Cave. Current Anthropology 44(4):491-522.Niewoehner WA. 2001. Behavioral inferences from the Skhul/Qafzeh early modern human hand remains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(6):2979-2984.Schwarcz HP, Grà ¼n R, Vandermeersch B, Bar-Yosef O, Valladas H, and Tchernov E. 1988. ESR dates for the hominid burial site of Qafzeh in Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 17(8):733-737.

Republican Motherhood Free Essays

Kaley Ganey and Allie Linaugh October 15, 2012 Stuart Harmening APUSH The Republican Motherhood and Education for Women The republican motherhood was essentially the beginning of the new era for women. Before, women were not allowed to go to school, and we not educated as they were thought to belong in the home. Before the late eighteenth century, their role was to God and the care of the home and their children. We will write a custom essay sample on Republican Motherhood or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, Enlightened thinkers knew that it was the role of the mother to make sure her sons morals and values were in pace, and also they knew the future of the United States was dependent on mothers. For these reasons, the education of women became more important and more accepted. Women were responsible for instilling proper values, and an education in the principles of liberty and government into their sons. What didn’t make sense was, women were not educated well enough, sometimes they were able to write their names, and read small stories, but not all the time. During the late eighteenth century, the idea of educating women became more and more practical. If a woman were to educate their children, the future leaders and government officials of America, shouldn’t the woman be well educated themselves? After much thought and consideration, it was believed that women should be taught to read, write, do simple math, and also should be knowledgeable about the English language. With their education, women were better able to educate their sons, which was better for the country in the long run. People justified the education of women by saying that it was a woman’s duty to her country to educate her sons; therefore she should be educated as well. Putting the responsibilities of children in the hands of the women essentially put the future of America in their hands. The women were the ones filling the heads of children with knowledge, and teaching them how to better serve their country. How to cite Republican Motherhood, Essay examples

Trust in Charismatic leadership Essay Example

Trust in Charismatic leadership Essay According to Yukl (2006), trust is very important component in charismatic leaders. The charisma inspires trust and confidence from followers to the leader and makes the leader seem extraordinary and wise. Kamila is a person whom inspires trust and wisdom as a result other people ask for her advice very often. For example, when some of her friends want to start some new project they usually call her to discuss it and get her opinion. She is always willing to motivate and help others when they need it and she is concerned not only with personal goals but followers as well. As she always tells me, she believes in team work and knows that big things cannot be achieved by a single person. As she often says: When people are together they can achieve anything they want. I personally trust Kamila due to the fact that she will never let down those who trust her and believe in her. Knowing that she is charismatic and the confidence she shows when she talks makes me feel that everything is attainable and that I can follow her in anything she does without asking extra details. Unlike non-charismatic leaders, Kamila can make others willing to work harder to achieve high results by motivating them in various ways (i. We will write a custom essay sample on Trust in Charismatic leadership specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Trust in Charismatic leadership specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Trust in Charismatic leadership specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer e. by telling stories and using strong emotional metaphors). When I pass through some difficulties or problems she begins talking about a similar situation where she was in my position and explaining what she did to overcome it. While talking she is highlighting the points in where I have to act in the same way and she concludes that after any problems people always learn something and become better. While listening to her inspirational words I become positive and forget immediately about any problems. Houses indicators of charisma: House (1977) was another researcher to conduct his own theory of charismatic leadership. Houses research has derived some indicators of charisma which I can easily associate with my charismatic friend. He concluded that followers are willing to obey the charismatic leader because they perceive the leaders beliefs as correct. When we are in a company of common friends discussing or working with Kamila in the same project, I know that her opinion will be the correct one as she inspires confidence to me and other people. That is why I often wait for her opinion and agree with her even if someone else is not. Moreover, I can see that people are getting emotionally involved when she speaks and that they feel affection towards her. People are always willing to listen to Kamila and in most cases they agree with everything she says. Finally, it is worth saying that by inspiring high performance goals to followers, she makes them believe that they can contribute to the success of the mission and they work harder. In contrast to the theory of Conger and Canugo (1987) the extraordinary ability of the leader is not necessary. The Self-Concept theory of charismatic leadership talks about the leaders traits and behaviors. I will now describe them through my personal perspective from my experience with a charismatic leader. Kamila is a person who expresses a high need for power. This does not necessarily mean that she can only exist in the highest level of an organization but it demonstrates a need to control her own future and to be able to make her own choices. As she described to me, in order to do something which is not led by her she must be motivated and inspired, otherwise she is not willing to work hard. Kamila possesses a strong conviction in her own beliefs and ideals and this makes her confident that she can achieve everything she wants to. According to what she once told me, her core motivation in life is to make her name famous to the world. This is the main reason why she is currently doing many things at the same time (involvement in several societies at university and organizing charity events with me and other team members apart from studies). As she often says: The easiest thing in university is to study only and not be doing anything to prove your abilities to the world. The above statements made me conclude that achievement and recognition are Kamilas primary sources of motivation. Lastly, I can say that Kamila exerted some sort of influence on me; which is the reason why we work with a common mission and why I got inspired to improve myself and do something that the world can be proud of me. I will now move on and describe how leaders influence followers.